The forensic medical aspects of the toxicokinetics of organophosphate insecticides

The article deals with analysis of toxicokinetics of organophosphorous compounds (malathion and trichlorfon) in blood and of its changes in critical situations (shock, coma). In these forms of viability disturbances provided for mass-transfer and accumulation of poisonous substances in gastrointestinal tract their kinetics was shown to decelerate substantially. Active detoxification therapy improves markedly the parameters of organophosphorous insecticide kinetics. The parameters of toxicokinetics were recommended for use as objective criteria in estimation of intoxication gravity and therapy efficacy.     

The characteristics of injuries to the ribs in children by repeated impact with solid blunt objects]

Mechanisms of occurrence of thoracic lesions as well as characteristic features of repeated rib trauma in children with repeated blunt trauma were studied. Experimental data were compared with expert observations. It was stated that morphological features of repeated rib trauma in children are localized within the limits of substantia compacta or its superficial layers. There is also possibility for straightening primary incomplete fracture in repeated exposure and for forming secondary fracture, which depends on the type of force applied, its application area and direction of force action.     

Evaluation of hair injuries depending on properties of impact surface of a blunt object and impact conditions

We investigated injured hair on crime instruments and head wounds. The findings were confirmed in experiments. Morphological characteristics of hair damage were associated with properties of an impact surface and conditions of the traumas. We propose a new method of registration of blunt head injury. Diagnostic criteria of hair injuries to identify crime instruments and to determine trauma mechanisms are demonstrated.     

The possible use of the dielectric indices of human hair in forensic medical expertise]

Method of measuring dielectric parameters of human hair was developed. It was shown that values of relative dielectric permeability of hair may serve as objective criteria in the course of determination of their similarity.     

The forensic medical characteristics of the injuries to the spleen in blunt trauma of the abdomen

Analysis of 220 sectional cases with blunt spleen trauma is given in this article. Trauma circumstances, morphologic features of spleen injuries depending on the kind of blunt trauma, mechanism of their formation were studied.     

Modern aspects of forensic medical diagnostics of the craniocerebral injury

The authors report the results of the investigations of craniocerebral injuries (CCI) including crystallographic studies of brain liquor obtained after the injury and non-traumatic pathological processes. The additional forensic medical criteria for the severity of craniocerebral injuries have been developed and the objective signs of CCI determined to be used for diagnostic purposes in the cases with concomitant diseases and also in the subjects of advanced and declining age. The diagnostic methods for the elucidation of the nature of chronic subdural hematomas and the estimation of the time of their formation have been improved.     

The forensic medical expertise of the victims of large-scale fires]

The difficulties of present-day forensic medical expert evaluation of poisonings in fires are explained by exposure of man to highly toxic compounds that form during burning of polymers. Analyzing forensic medical expert evaluations of a large number of victims dead in a large-scale fire, the authors emphasize the necessity of measuring not only dead people's blood levels of HbCO, but of some other toxic combustion products that may exert combined effects on human body. The authors think it desirable that criteria of forensic medical evaluation of combined poisoning in fire be defined.     

The characteristics of the formation of head wounds from the action of solid blunt objects

The results of wound investigation based on blow theory are presented and regularities concerning wound formation are defined. Zones were singled out in each lesion, which differed by formation mechanism and time of occurrence (zone of primary contact, zone of secondary contact and non--contact lesions--lacerations). Formation of primary contact zone doesn't depend on blow strength, its increase is accompanied by lesion extension. Fundamental differences in wound formation in case of blow by objects with verge as striking surface are presented.     

The forensic medical expertise of acute local radiation trauma]

Informative diagnostical criteria of medicolegal evaluation and prognosis of corporal lesion gravity in case of acute local radiation trauma as well as algorithm of medicolegal diagnostical process concerning these lesions with reference to external radiation exposure, kind of injuring factor, differential-diagnostical signs of acute local radiation trauma are suggested. They make it possible to formulate medicolegal diagnosis and can form the basis for developing diagnostical programmes.     

Peculiarities of the forensic medical expertise of the head trauma in children

One hundred and forty (140) medicolegal reports were analyzed in cases of non-lethal trauma of the head in children and teenagers. The specificity of the clinical pattern related with the anatomic-and-physiological peculiarities of child's body was defined. The forensic-medical expertise in such damages needs an elaboration of diagnostic criteria (e.g. an interim stage in craniocerebral trauma) that would be valuable both for medico-legal experts and for neurologists; besides, there is also a need in using the modern methods of neuro-visualization.     

Results, perspectives, and forensic medical aspects of myocardial biopsy

The biopsy of the heart's myocardium is a very important advance for study of the heart in the living patient. Its complications and forensic medical aspects are extremely important. Both are discussed in this article.     

The diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis in the forensic medical study of cadavers]

Presents analysis of cases when pulmonary tuberculosis was diagnosed during autopsy by forensic medical experts. Before death the patients were not registered at tuberculosis control centres and were administered no treatment for tuberculosis.     

The structure of the conclusions in the forensic medical expertise of material evidence]

A new structure of conclusions including special chapter "Conclusion validity", which ensures their high availability for officials of legal investigation agencies is suggested. The examples of conclusion making on the basis of new form in case of blood, secretion and hair tests performed in two variants (known and unknown criminal) are presented.     

Comparative characteristics of chest cavity injuries in children and adults as a result of a blow from a solid blunt object

Deformity character and mechanism of thoracic injury occurrence in children regarding different variants of striking effect of solid blunt objects were studied. It was found that the bone frame of a middle part of rear and lateral surfaces of thorax is most often damaged and isolated incomplete fractures of 2 to 9 ribs occur (in adults - multiple, complete fractures). In case of wide striking surface 3 to 10 ribs are injured both in children and in adults, and construction flexion fractures are noted while in case of blows with limited surface local extension fractures with injuries of up to 3 adjacent ribs are seen.     

The determination of buccal epithelial cells in forensic medical cytological research]

The morphology of isolated cells of multi-layer squamous non-horny epithelium (buccal, vaginal, urethral, rectal), stained with 0.05% nigrosine solution, was under study, and the sizes of these cells and their nuclei were measured. Specific markers were detected in the buccal epitheliocytes, that permit their reliable differentiation from other epitheliocytes studied by the size of the cells and nuclei, by a characteristic structure of the cytoplasm, etc. The findings may be used for the diagnosis of the origin of isolated cells of the buccal mucosa.     

The selective spatial filtration of roentgenograms in the forensic medical expertise of stab-cutting wounds]

Investigation of 14 roentgenograms of skin preparations with cut-stab wounds, treated by spatial filtration method in medium and high spatial frequency modes was performed using material of 13 specific cases. This resulted in detection of disturbances of skin pattern left at the area of former skin cone in 7 cases while in 2 cases indistinct heel traces were seen. Changes in skin pattern were not recorded on roentgenograms of skin preparation of 12 experimental cut-stab wounds obtained on cadaveric skin.     

Phase-contrast and polarization microscopic studies of the myocardium in forensic medical practice]

Describes the major acute pathologic changes in the myocardiocytes detectable by phase-contrast and polarization microscopy. Demonstrates the significance of these changes for a correct diagnosis of sudden coronary death, death from ethanol poisoning or closed injuries of the heart after blunt trauma of the chest.