驳商标被动使用保护论

为应对商标俗称抢注案以维持商标权保护的实质正义,理论界启动了所谓的在先商标"被动使用保护论"。但该理论存在诸多法理上难以逾越之障碍,其既不符合商标权取得自然正当的前提条件,也违背了商标权的私权属性和商标的契约本质,同时还与商标法上能成就商标权的"使用"界定不相吻合。因此,在先商标"被动使用保护论"不足可取。针对商标俗称被抢注,并非舍"被动使用保护论"不可,现行《商标法》有足够的制度资源为之提供救济,如"在先注册商标保护模式"、"驰名商标保护路径"、"绝对禁止作为商标的保护途径"、"在先企业名称权保护方法"和"反不正当竞争保护手段"等都可以为此类案件提供解决之道。任何一种理论的创新都应强调其法理可行性和现实必要性,否则,一旦有了该理论且人们对该理论形成使用上的路径依赖时,却又发现该理论自身携带严重的病理基因,人们将变得动弹不得。所以,从法理上对所谓的在先商标"被动使用保护论"重新展开一番检思和质评殊为必要。     

论“公众使用”与“商标使用”的关系及其法律效果——由商标俗称案件引发的思考

在有关商标俗称的案件中,“主动使用标准”与“客观联系规则”既存在固有缺陷,也未能明确“公众使用”的法律性质和法律效果。为此,首要问题是明确“公众使用”与“商标使用”不具有同一性,“公众使用”不能类推适用“商标使用”的法律规则。如何处理商标俗称则是有关“公众使用”法律效果的问题,具体可以采用类型化分析的途径。在权利创设层面,“公众使用+原商标权人（延伸）注册/主动使用=创设权利”;在权利维持层面,“公众使用”不能作为原商标权人“连续三年不使用”原商标的抗辩理由;在权利保护层面,商标俗称是原商标的近似商标,其他经营者不能注册或使用商标俗称。     

对在先使用的普通未注册商标的司法保护

未注册商标针对注册商标而言,指未经商标局核准注册的商标。根据我国商标法的规定,可分为驰名未注册商标、有一定影响的未注册商标及普通未注册商标。对于驰名未注册商标、有一定影响的未注册商标,商标法明文规定予以保护。而对于普通未注册商标而言,在先使用的普通未注册商标由于商标在先使用的事实,使用人已经过通过使用对未注册商标形成了利益,是否对此种利益进行保护或者说是否对在先使用的普通未注册商标进行司法保护,理解不一,审判实践     

为商标被动使用行为正名

社会公众对商标的宣传、报道和评论等使用行为,为商标被动使用行为,它与商标权人的商标主动使用行为相对应。我国立法对商标被动使用行为持否定态度。从索爱商标案、伟哥商标案和陆虎商标案等具有重大影响的商标抢注系列案看,我国司法实务界对商标被动使用行为的认识不一,甚至截然相反。然而,从商标使用的本质、消费者在商标法中的核心地位来看,商标被动使用行为不仅是商标使用行为,而且在商标使用体系中居绝对的核心地位:它不仅能够实现特定标志转化为商标,而且是特定标志转化为商标的必经途径;它不仅不需要转化为商标主动使用行为,相反,后者需要依赖它才能发挥作用;它既可能符合商标权人的内在意思,也可以违背其意志而独立成立。商标被动使用行为能够产生将商标与特定经营者相联系的事实效果,也能够产生商标使用的法律效力:被使用的商标可以被认定为具有一定影响的在先使用商标,甚至被认定为未注册驰名商标。这种法律效力,符合取得商标权的基本原理和保护商标权的基本理念,也契合商标法的立法宗旨。基于对商标被动使用行为的重新认识,应当对与之相关的法条作重新解读。     

驰名商标认定的基本规则和模式

问:在我国,驰名商标的认定应当遵循的基本规则和模式是什么?答:驰名商标是指经过长期使用,具有良好信誉,为公众知晓的商标。驰名商标的认定是其获得特殊保护的前提条件和重要环节。相对于西方发达国家来讲,驰名商标的法律保护实践在我国发展的历史较短,经历了一个渐进的演变过程。我国现阶段关于驰名商标的认定和保护的基本法律依据是《商标法》及《商标法实施条例》。同时,最高人民法院于2001年6月通过的《关于审理涉及计算机网络域名民事纠纷案件适用法律若干问题的解释》(下称《域名问题解释》)及2002年12月通过的《关于商标民事纠纷案件…     

论美国商标法中的“持续商业印象原则”

"持续商业印象原则"是指,虽然对在先商标进行一定程度的改变,但如果这种改变之后的商标使用仍然使公众存在与在先商标相同而持续的商业印象,那么对于改变之后的新商标的使用可以被视为对在先商标的使用,反之亦然。该原则主要体现于两个具体规则之中,即"转嫁在先规则"和"放弃规则"。美国对于"持续商业印象原则"具有丰富的司法实践,目前对其适用标准非常严格。"持续商业印象原则"的存在具有一定的必要性,我国商标法偏向"注册主义",不同于美国,因此应相应地对其进行借鉴。     

后TRIPs时代国际商标立法:从最低保护到规则统一

TRIPs协定为国际商标权的保护确立了重要的标准和原则,也成为重要的国际商标立法。随着时间的推移以及国际形势的发展,国际商标保护面临新的问题。随着WIPO在国际商标保护中地位和作用的不断提高,单纯设置最低保护标准已不能满足商标保护的现实需要,将各国的商标法规则尽可能地加以统一已成为重要的任务。如何平衡WTO和WIPO的关系以充分发挥WTO与WIPO在商标立法领域的作用,如何从最低保护向制度统一转移以确立国际商标立法的努力方向,如何进一步协调不同的商标法传统以增加国际商标法的广泛性,如何在规则统一中尊重发展中国家的利益,如何利用互联网和新型商标的机遇建立统一的规则。这些是在规则统一过程中所要着力思考的问题。国际商标立法在缓步中不断前进,对这些问题解决途径的讨论有助于正确把握国际商标立法的发展方向,也有助于确立我们对国际商标立法的正确立场和应对措施。     

抢注未注册商标之“在先使用”的司法认定 评“索爱”商标案

商标的价值在于使用,因此,已使用的未注册商标亦应获得法律的相应保护。我国2001年修订的《中华人民共和国商标法》（简称《商标法》）第31条是目前保护未注册商标最为上位的法律条文之一1,在该规定的后半段具体明确了：＂不得以不正当手段抢先注册他人已经使用并有一定影响的商标＂。在目前的司法实践中,由于对《商标法》第41条第1款的适用进行了限制性理解,因此相应的对《商标法》第31条后半段的理解,我们认为不宜过于教条、僵化,对其适用条件应当适当地放宽。     

市场影响规划——因特网上商标权冲突的实体法对策

介绍和分析了WIPO联合建议确立的"市场影响规则",该规则以市场影响效果为标准,为网上商标使用和侵权判定提供了统一的实体法准则,提出了商标权冲突的共存理念.该规则解决了依赖于商标权地域性的商标法一般规定难以解决的网上商标权冲突问题,即保护了冲突各方权利人利益,又提高了商标资源利用效率.建议我国在处理类似商标权冲突纠纷时应该借鉴"市场影响规则",促进网络时代商标法的完善和发展.     

商标先用权规则的法律适用———兼评新《商标法》第 59 条第 3 款简

我国2013年8月新通过的《商标法》第59条第3款规定了商标先用权规则,该规则首次在我国商标法中得到确立;新修改的商标法不仅认可了现阶段未注册商标存在的客观必然性,而且通过该规则的设立,较好地平衡了商标注册权人和在先使用的未注册商标人之间的利益。由于新法第59条第3款规定比较抽象,如何理解和适用商标先用权规则具有重要的现实意义。本文认为,商标先用权是一种正当使用的行为,但在我国商标注册确权制度下,商标先用权的构成要满足相关要件,商标先用权的行使也会受到诸如使用范围等因素的限制,该条规定的先用权中的商标可延伸到其他商业标识。     

Law Is the Command of the Sovereign: H. L. A. Hart Reconsidered

This article presents a critical reevaluation of the thesis—closely associated with H. L. A. Hart, and central to the views of most recent legal philosophers—that the idea of state coercion is not logically essential to the definition of law. The author argues that even laws governing contracts must ultimately be understood as “commands of the sovereign, backed by force.” This follows in part from recognition that the “sovereign,” defined rigorously, at the highest level of abstraction, is that person or entity identified by reference to game theory and the philosophical idea of “convention” as the source of signals with which the subject population has become effectively locked, as a group, into conformity.     

Mona Lisa: the enigma of the smile.

The Mona Lisa, painted by Leonardo Da Vinci, 1503, pictures a smile that has been long the subject of conjecture. It is believed, however, that the Mona Lisa does not smile; she wears an expression common to people who have lost their front teeth. A closeup of the lip area shows a scar that is not unlike that left by the application of blunt force. The changes evident in the perioral area are such that occur when the anterior teeth are lost. The scar under the lower lip of the Mona Lisa is similar to that created, when, as a result of force, the incisal edges of the teeth have pierced the face with a penetrating wound.     

Maintaining programme integrity: the FOR . . . A Change programme and the resettlement of ex-prisoners

This article describes the process and results of monitoring the programme integrity of FOR . . . A Change, a group programme for offenders, as it was being delivered in three prisons in the United Kingdom. In so doing, it briefly describes the aims, structure, and theoretical orientation of the programme; explains what informed the particular approach to checking for integrity and how it was implemented; outlines the results; and finally, postulates the requisite conditions for the successful maintenance of programme integrity.     

Child health policy in the U.S.: the paradox of consensus

The U.S. spends more of its total GNP on health services than any other nation, yet it has one of the highest infant mortality rates in the industrialized world. Young American children are immunized at rates that are one-half those of Western Europe, Canada, and Israel. In the mid-1980s, a consensus among policymakers on the need for federal action to improve child health services resulted in the expansion of Medicaid eligibility for pregnant women and young children and the separation of Medicaid eligibility from eligibility for AFDC. The current phase of child health policymaking includes discussion of much broader proposals for changes in health care financing and innovation in health care delivery. This examination of child health policy begins by reviewing the politics of maternal and child health services from the early twentieth century to the Reagan administration, including the role of feminist movements, the development of pediatrics, and the expansion of federal involvement during the 1960s. Next, the politics of Medicaid expansion as a strategy for addressing child health issues are discussed. Current critiques of child health services in the U.S. are examined, along with proposals to restructure health care financing and delivery. Central to the politics of child health policy during the 1980s and into the 1990s is the way in which child health has been defined. Infant mortality and childhood illness are presented as preventable problems. Investment in young children is discussed as a prudent as well as a compassionate policy, one which will reduce future health care costs and enhance our position in the international economy. Unlike other "disadvantaged groups," children are universally viewed as innocent and deserving of societal support. Framing child health issues in these terms helped to produce consensus on the expansion of Medicaid eligibility. Yet the issues beyond the expansion of Medicaid eligibility involve the restructuring of health care financing and delivery, and, on these issues, conflict is far more likely than consensus.     

AIDS: the first decade.

AIDS has had a profound effect on society and the workplace and has raised legal and social problems for which society was not prepared. This article will chronicle the evolution of federal, state and local law concerning AIDS and the workplace. Although there are some clear-cut answers and guidelines that address the relationship of employer and employee to the AIDS epidemic, current legislation and enforcement of those laws does not adequately address the AIDS victim as a handicapped individual. Emphasis is also placed on the problems peculiar to the health care industry, the constitutionality of present legislation, and the AIDS victim's right to privacy versus the employer's need to know. Finally, some practical solutions and guidelines will be presented that will help the employer deal with the AIDS victim and his or her co-worker.     

Certificate of need: the Massachusetts experience.

Certificate of Need legislation is one of several regulatory programs designed to control the allocation of health care delivery resources. This paper examines the Massachusetts experience with Certificate of Need, focusing on two major administrative law controversies--the extent of the regulatory agency's power to participate actively in the planning process, and the scope of review of agency decisions permitted under a non-judicial appeals mechanism. The study concludes that any Certificate of Need program may be strengthened by accurately defining the roles of the participants and by providing for safeguards within the system itself.     

Women in the U.S. Armed Services:

No abstract available for this article.