Organisational change and innovation system dynamics: the reform of the UK government defence research establishments

Since the end of the Cold War, ministries of defence in Europe and the United States have sought new models for the management of government defence research laboratories. The United Kingdom’s reform and subsequent privatisation of its government defence research establishments (GDREs) represents one of the most radical policy responses. This paper considers the UK case through the lens of innovation systems theory and uses defence labs reform to examine the impact of organisational change on the dynamics of an innovation system. The potential policy implications for the management of government defence research laboratories are also considered.

Theorizing continuity and change in socialist regulation

How does regulation change in authoritarian polities that tightly control public discourse and social mobilization? Socio-legal theories assume that regulation changes through intersubjective dialogical exchanges that persuade regulators to alter how they perceive social problems and the appropriate regulatory responses. Although this framework captures regulatory change in transparent dialogical spaces, it misses much of the regulatory story in the opaque discursive processes that order authoritarian polities. This article turns to sociological institutional theory—a non-dialogical theory to understand regulatory change in Vietnam's authoritarian polity. It investigates how commercial regulation in Vietnam has responded to an emerging mixed-market economy, at the same time the state has suppressed public dialogical challenges to socialist ideology. It concludes that regulatory change occurs when regulators respond to economic and social crises and layer new ideational components onto old programmatic ideas, converting them to new uses.     

Generality, continuity, and change in offending

A number of criminological theories make either implicit or explicit predictions about the empirical relationship between prior and future offending behavior. Some argue that time-stable characteristics such as criminal propensity should account for any positive correlation between past and future criminal behavior for all individuals. Others contend that the positive association between offending behavior at different points in time are partly causal and partly spurious. Still others anticipate that different patterns will emerge for different groups (distinguished by their ciminal propensity) of individuals. Using a longitudinal data set comprised of 848 training school releasees, we test various hypotheses emanating from these different theoretical perspectives. The results indicate that (1) both stability and change have causal implications for one's offending behavior and (2) with but one exception, these effects do not vary between high and low criminal propensity groups.     

技术创新与制度创新的关系

本文从技术创新与制度创新的概念出发，论述技术创新与制度创新之间的辩证关系。尤其是制度在不适应生产力发展的状况下，即制度不均衡的情况下，对经济发展起重要作用的不是技术，而是制度的创新。     

Reform, change, and continuity in Finnish health care

This article describes some essential aspects of the Finnish political and governmental system and the evolution of the basic institutional elements of the health care system. We examine the developments that gave rise to a series of health care reforms and reform proposals in the late 1980s and early 1990s and relate them to changes in health care expenditure, structure, and performance. Finally, we discuss the relationship between policy changes, reforms, and health system changes and the strength of neo-institutional theory in explaining both continuity and change. Much of the change in Finnish health care can be explained by institutional path dependency. The tradition of strong but small local authorities and the lack of legitimate democratic regional authorities as well as the coexistence of a dominant Beveridge-style health system with a marginal Bismarckian element explain the specific path of Finnish health care reform. Public responsibility for health care has been decentralized to smaller local authorities (known as municipalities) more than in any other country. Even an exceptionally deep economic recession in the early 1990s did not lead to systems change; rather, the economic imperative was met by the traditional centralized policy pattern. Some of the developments of the 1990s are, however, difficult to explain by institutional theory. Thus, there is a need for testing alternative theories as well.     

知识产权制度在国家创新体系中的地位与作用

建设国家创新体系是推动科技创新、促进科技与经济紧密结合、实现我国现代化目标的必然选择,这一点已为全国上下所共识。而深入研究和进一步认识国家创新体系的内涵及其基本框架,知识产权制度在其中的地位和作用,对于我们搞好知识产权工作定位,发挥其在国家创新体系中的应有作用具有重要意义。     

Endogenous innovation,outward-bound international patenting and national economic development

The Journal of Technology Transfer - In this paper the relationship between the pursuit of foreign patent rights by inventors or their assignees and economic development in the countries in which...     

Climate change and national laws across Commonwealth countries

This paper furthers the Commonwealth agenda on climate action by exploring the kinds of ‘practical and swift action’ that might be taken through national legal frameworks to implement the Paris Agreement. The paper reviews national laws of Commonwealth member countries as they currently apply to and intersect with climate change. The paper investigates legal measures that relate directly to implement climate change policy, including climate change legislation and regulatory instruments such as emissions trading schemes and energy efficiency measures. It also considers indirect legal measures that can provide ‘co-benefits’ in relation to climate change policy, such as waste legislation and air quality measures. The paper presents examples of these different kinds of climate intersections in different Commonwealth legal systems, highlighting examples of what has worked well and what has not worked well to date, within different legal, economic and political cultures, and in different geographies and climates.     

Chinese technology transfer policy: the case of the national independent innovation demonstration zone of East Lake

This paper analyzes the technology transfer policies that are being developed to reduce the regional disparities in economic growth in China. In particular, these technology transfer policies focus on increasing the innovative activity in central China, in order to spur economic development and growth.     

Geopolitical change and congressional committee governance: The Case of the US House armed services committee

This article examines the Armed Services Committee of the United States Houses of Representatives (HASC) at the beginning of the post‐cold war era. Utilising Fenno's 1973 framework, the article traces HASC's evolution through three periods: the ‘textbook’ period (1947–70); the transition period (1970–89); and the post‐cold war period (since 1989). It explores how changing environmental constraints and member goals have shaped its strategic premises, in Fenno's terms. Reporting on recent trends at HASC, I consider whether, in the post‐cold war era, HASC may be said to operate on the basis of any strategic premises at all. The article concludes by considering two key questions about Fenno's framework. Is it time bound? And, can it explain change?     

政府机构改革与体制创新

政府机构改革与体制创新不仅是加强政府自身改革和建设的一项重要任务,而且是落实科学发展观和构建社会主义和谐社会的必然要求。文章认为,政府机构改革与体制创新应从转变政府职能;创新管理方式;依法规范中央和地方的职能权限,理顺条块关系;加强法制建设,改革和完善国家公务员的选拔任用机制和公共财政体制七个方面入手。     

Coordinating a conscious geography: the role of research centers in multi-scalar innovation policy and economic development in the US and Canada

This article contributes to the debate about the role of the region in the placement and coordination of research centers linking technology-led economic development and science, technology, and innovation policy. Through a comparison of how a “conscious geography” has informed the organization of innovation + development (I + D) research centers in the US and Canada, this analysis focuses on the variation in the models of multi-scalar policy coordination deployed through the I + D research center frameworks in the US and Canada. This article begins with a discussion of the theoretical arguments behind territorial innovation systems. It continues by describing the different models of I + D research centers in the US and Canada and the role of the region in each set of policy frameworks. The third section discusses ways policy outcomes are influenced by the initial consideration of the spatial distribution of production and innovation. The article concludes with the case for a policy model which prioritizes a role for the region as a site of economic and geographic analysis and a partner in the design of a multi-scalar innovation policy.     

西部大开发中的体制创新

体制差异是东西部地区经济发展水平差异的重要原因,本文对东西部地区体制上的差异进行了比较,从国际、国内两个方面阐述了在西部大开发中体制创新的重要性,并且就西部大开发中的体制创新问题提出了自己的看法和观点.     

Multilevel public funding for small business innovation: a review of US state SBIR match programs

US State governments invest in early-stage innovative activity as an economic development strategy. Nevertheless, attention directed at the public sector’s role in this capacity has been placed on federal policy actions overlooking the growing role of states. The primary aims of this paper are two-fold: (1) to articulate the motivations for multilevel public support for small business innovative activity, placing emphasis on state level incentives directed towards entrepreneurial activity; and (2) to empirically evaluate the State Match Phase I (SMP-I) program. The SMP-I program is a diffuse state level policy designed to complement the federal Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) program by offering noncompetitive matching funds to the state’s successful SBIR Phase I recipients. This offers an opportunity to examine the marginal impact of public R&D given the state intervention. This paper employs a state and year fixed effects model and considers two outcome variables—SBIR Phase II success rates and SBIR Phase I application activity. To account for industrial heterogeneity, the data are stratified by the federal mission agencies. Results from the empirical analysis indicate that the state match increases the Phase II success rates for firms participating in the National Science Foundation SBIR program.     

The National Nanotechnology Initiative and the Social Good

The purpose of the National Nanotechnology Initiative (NNI) is to promote nanotechnology in a way that benefits the citizens of the United States. It involves a commitment to support responsible development of nanotechnology. The NNI's enactment of this commitment is critically assessed. It is concluded that there are not adequate avenues within the NNI by which social and ethical issues can be raised, considered, and, when appropriate, addressed.     

Creating change in the legal system

Focuses on the potential contributions that community psychology models can make to theory, research, and practice in the area of psychology and law. The author, in his presidential address to the American Psychology-Law Society, looks specifically at the criminal and juvenile justice systems and the impact that these systems, and law and policy more broadly, have on individuals. He argues that community psychology perspectives would help shift the focus away from the disproportionate and often incorrect emphasis that our system of justice places on individual deficit models and individual level interventions, and concludes that a community psychology approach would also reinforce efforts to promote prevention programs that in the long term might prove more effective in dealing with the problem of crime in our society.This article is a revised version of the American Psychology-Law Society (Division 41 of the American Psychological Association) Presidential Address, read at the American Psychological Association Convention, Los Angeles, August, 1994. I want to thank Ray Corrado, Steve Hart, John Monahan, Jim Ogloff, Julian Rappaport, Dick Reppucci, Kathy Roesch, and Ed Seidman for their comments and feedback on earlier versions of this paper.Simon Fraser University.