法治的核心是宪法和法律的实施

注重宪法和法律实施是当代法治基本内涵的普遍要求,是全面推进依法治国的时代要求,是法治建设战略转移的客观要求。我国宪法和法律的实施面临着立法粗放与执行不力的困扰、经济状况与社会转型的制约、体制不顺与机制不全的束缚、法治传统与法治精神的缺失。保障宪法和法律统一正确实施,应加强和改进宪法实施,保障和落实公民权利,坚持和完善党的领导,营造和改善法治环境。     

权力监督哲学与执法司法制约监督体系建设

从世界各国情况看,对执法司法权的制约监督,往往是权力监督的关键环节,也是权力监督理论的重点议题.在中国政法体制下,中国共产党的权力监督哲学是认知、思考和解决执法司法权制约监督问题的认识论和方法论.近年来,在中国共产党新的权力监督哲学的引领下,中国政法界深入推进执法司法体制改革,加快构建系统完备、权威高效的执法司法制约监...     

Disentangling the Disability Quagmire in Psychological Injury and Law

This paper aims to critically analyze the evolution of six models of conceptualization, determination, and prediction of occupational disability relevant in the medico-legal context of psychological injury. The six models are the (a) biomedical, (b) forensic, (c) psychosocial, (d) ecological, (e) economic, and (f) biopsychosocial. We will discuss the key commonalities and differences among the models, including disciplinary tradition, research paradigm, recognition of person–environment interaction, key tenets, and implications for practice and research in psychological injury. The paper will highlight and discuss psychosocial issues, often underemphasized in forensic psychological practice, including: (a) balanced assessment of primary, secondary, and tertiary gains and losses, (b) self-perception, (c) disability identity, (d) beliefs and expectations, (e) coping, (f) adaptation and positive growth, (g) social stigma and social reactions to disability, including disability harassment, and (h) recognition of system-based environmental influences and demands. We will provide a special focus on the current state of the science and practice of prediction of disability, of particular interest to researchers and clinicians involved in clinical and occupational prognostication in psychological injuries. Finally, we will draw conclusions and recommendations for future research and best practices in the psychological injury area using a cross-diagnostic, dynamic, functionally based, and integrated biopsychosocial and forensic model of disability.     

论民事权益位阶:以《民法典》为中心

我国《民法典》虽然已经构建了完善的民事权益体系,并已在相关条款中就权益位阶作出了规定,但并没有全面确立清晰的权益位阶。在普遍存在的权益冲突中,不同权益的价值分量并非等同,在这一背景下,建立妥善的权益位阶理论,有助于防范化解冲突,有效贯彻立法者的价值判断,并辅助裁判者进行准确的利益衡量。通过对《民法典》民事权益体系的解释,可以对民事权益的位阶进行如下排序:物质性人格权、精神性人格权、身份权、人格利益、财产权利、财产利益。民事权益位阶在司法适用中并不是机械地排序取舍,而应结合个案场景妥当地进行利益衡量。民事权益位阶主要涉及高位阶权益的优先保护、低位阶权益的妥协容忍、民事责任的限制和排除、合同的解除以及对利益受损者的适当补偿等效果。     

Part on Green and Low-Carbon Development of China's Environmental Code System Response and Institution Implementation in Sustainable Development

The sustainable development integrity, national development goals, and legislative status quo have determined that the Green and Low-Carbon Development Part must be designed and incorporated into the China's Environmental Code (Code). The theoretical evolution in the action field, system composition, value function, and operation mechanism of the Environmental Law, as well as the practice development of the Environmental Protection Law legislation, enforcement, and judicial practices have laid a solid theoretical and practical foundation for the incorporation of green and lowcarbon development into the Code. The institutional layout of green and low-carbon development should respect and highlight its own traits. Furthermore, it is important to stress communication and coordination with other parts of the Code, follow the laws of energy development and utilization, and satisfy the inherent requirements of raw material reduction, reuse, and recycle. The layout method should abide by the general principle of general first, specific second; domestic first, international second; defined first, undefined second with decomposition goals of carbon peaking and carbon neutrality as an exception. The layout effect of the flexibility first, rigidity second is pursued. The chapters of General Provisions, Cleaner Production Green Circulation, Green Consumption, Support and Supervision, and International Cooperation, and Climate Change Response, are specifically designed. Efforts are made to improve new systems, such as strategies and standards for green and low-carbon development, green logistics, energy performance contracting, green finance, carbon emissions trading, and energy early warning.     

Regulatory Conversations

The article proposes a new site of analysis for the study of regulation: regulatory conversations, and a new theoretical approach: discourse analysis. Regulatory conversations, the communicative interactions that occur between all involved in the regulatory 'space', are an important part of most regulatory systems. Discourse analysis, the study of the use of language and communication, suggests that such interactions are constitutive of the regulatory process, that they serve important functions, that they can be the basis of co-ordinated action, and that they are important sites of conflict and contestation. The article explores five key contentions of discourse analysis, considering how each may shed light on aspects of regulatory processes. These are, first as to the meaning of language and co-ordination of social practices; second, as to the construction of identities; third, the relationship of language, thought, and knowledge; fourth, the relationship of language and power, and finally, that meaning, thought, knowledge, and power are open to contestation and change.     

中国法学的苏联渊源——以中国法学的学科性质和知识来源为主要考察对象

苏联法学对中国法学的影响,从中国法学的学科性质和知识来源来看,主要表现在资本主义法学与社会主义法学的关系、革命时期法学与执政时期法学的关系、法学与意识形态、法学的研究对象、法学与实践、法学的知识来源、法学研究的范式与方法、法学学科的独立性、法学教育的模式等九个方面。关于中国法学与苏联法学之间的渊源关系,一是要反思中国法学与苏联法学的渊源关系背后的中国法学与苏联模式的渊源关系,二是要反思关于中国法学与苏联法学渊源关系的几种主要研究视角,积极影响和消极影响、路径依赖两种视角并未真正抓住问题的核心,从普遍性与特殊性辩证法的视角展开讨论将是一种更有助益的视角。     

Improving the Effectiveness of Supervision by the Procuracy

A seminar-conference on general supervision was held in Moscow, July 2-4 of this year, to which were invited the chiefs of general supervision of the procuracies of the republics of a number of territories and regions, and of Moscow, Leningrad, Alma-Ata, and other cities, some vice-procurators of union republics, and procurators of autonomous republics, territories, regions, cities, and districts. Responsible personnel of the CPSU Central Committee and of the Presidium of the USSR Supreme Soviet, as well as legal scholars, also took part in the conference.     

Conference on Theoretical Problems Involved in the Future Model Charter of the Agricultural Artel

A conference was held in November 1965 in the USSR Academy of Sciences' Institutute of State and Law; the participants included scientific personnel of law, economics, and agricultural institutes, faculty members of law, economics, and agricultural higher educational institutions, personnel of the ministries of agriculture of the USSR and the RSFSR, the Moscow Regional Agricultural Administration, the USSR Procuracy and the RSFSR Procuracy, and representatives of certain publishing houses and newspaper and journal editorial boards.     

A preliminary study of skin electrical injury with computerized image analysis

This paper reports the application of computerized image analysis to a quantitative study of skin electrical injury in order to provide an objective and quantitative standard for identifying the electrical mark. The differences between antemortem and postmortem electrical injuries were also studied. In normal and electrically-injured human skin, the long/short axes ratio of nuclei were measured. The mean of epithelial basal cells was 1.4344 and 5.9325, respectively, the mean of hair follicle cells was 1.6193 and 4.5988, respectively, and the mean of capillary endothelial cells was 4.0229 and 4.3593, respectively. In rat specimens, the long/short axes ratio of nuclei of normal skin, at 15 and 5 min ante-mortem and at 5 min postmortem injury, the mean epithelial basal cells was 1.4124, 4.5417, 5.2282 and 5.0447, respectively. The mean of hair follicle cells was 1.4140, 4.4863, 4.1146 and 4.4522, respectively, while the mean of capillary endothelial cells was 2.8398, 3.7514, 3.6159 and 3.6977, respectively. The results indicate that the differences between electrical injuries and normal skin with respect to the ratios of long/short axes of the epithelial basal cell nuclei and hair follicle cell nuclei are of remarkable significance. On the other hand, no significant difference could be found between antemortem and postmortem injuries, nor between electrical injury and normal skin, concerning the long/short axes ratios of capillary endothelial cell nuclei. This result provides a preliminary objective standard for the changes of electrical skin injury.     

对一起某中医院涉及放射诊疗许可行政处罚案的分析

对一起某中医院涉及放射诊疗许可行政处罚案的分析,从处罚的主体、相关证据、适用法律等方面进行分析。处罚的主体、相关证据、适用法律等方面与现行的国家法律、法规和标准的要求存在着差距。加强放射卫生监督员和放射诊疗机构管理人员及放射工作人员的培训,完善放射诊疗活动监管的有效模式和方法,强化医疗机构放射诊疗防护意识,落实责任,切实维护患者和医务人员的健康权益。     

习近平法治思想要义解析

习近平法治思想是一个系统完备、逻辑严密、内在统一的法治理论体系,主要包括法治基本理论、法治推进方略、法治重大关系等三大理论板块。在基本理论板块,明确提出了全面依法治国战略、法治中国命题、中国特色社会主义法治道路、中国特色社会主义法治体系、中国特色社会主义法治理论、在法治轨道上推进国家治理现代化等一系列基本理论。在推进方略板块,明确提出了坚持党的领导、人民当家作主、依法治国有机统一,坚持依宪治国、依宪执政,坚持统筹推进依规治党和依法治国,坚持依法治国和以德治国相结合,坚持依法治国、依法执政、依法行政共同推进和法治国家、法治政府、法治社会一体建设,坚持全面推进科学立法、严格执法、公正司法、全民守法,坚持统筹推进国内法治和涉外法治,坚持专业力量和群众力量相融合,坚持抓关键少数和抓绝大多数相结合。在重大关系板块,明确提出了正确处理政治与法治、改革与法治、政策与法律、发展与安全、活力与秩序、维权与维稳等一系列关系的方法。     

Understanding the New Forms of Governance: Mutually Interdependent, Reflexive, Destabilised and Competing Institutions

Fundamental changes in the functions of law and politics, new forms of governance, and the bases of the legitimacy of contemporary EU institutions, herald the end of 'state' monopolies. The dynamics and relations of supranational and national institutions which we are now witnessing, represent qualitatively new patterns and clusters of communications, interaction and competition. The emerging EU constitutional framework is continually being interpreted and negotiated by numerous participating parties. Functional and mutual interdependence has replaced hierarchy as the primary institutional relationship, thus enhancing further the importance of the treaties and leading to an increased politicisation of law. Sovereignty has dissolved into multiple paths of procedures and combinations of institutions. Science and knowledge-based discourses have generally invaded regulation, with the result that lawyers need to pay increasing attention to transparency, freedom of information, and the establishment of structures which are relatively autonomous from both state and market. The EU is best conceived of as consisting of mutually interdependent, reflexive, destabilised and competing institutions.     

Social Justice and the Human–Environment Relationship: Common Systemic, Ideological, and Psychological Roots and Processes

Historical analyses and contemporary social psychological research demonstrate that prevailing systems, institutions, and practices espouse an ideology of conflict between humans and the natural world. The established paradigm of society espouses domination of and separation from the natural environment, and manifests in environmentally detrimental attitudes and practices. Ecological exploitation appears to stem from the same root socioeconomic processes as social injustice—the hierarchical arrangement of power which places some groups and the environment in a position devoid of power or rights. Accordingly, endorsement of social and environmental injustice is exacerbated by tendencies toward domination and hierarchy, such as social dominance orientation and right-wing authoritarianism. Moreover, injustice is perpetuated by motivation to uphold and justify social structures and the dominant paradigm, which stifles societal change toward intergroup fairness and equality and motivates denial and neglect in the face of environmental problems. Ideological tendencies in service of the system, including political conservatism, belief in a just world, and free market ideology, contribute toward perpetuating injustice as well as anti-environmental sentiment and behavior. Considering the shared psychological and ideological underpinnings of social and environmental injustice point to important interventions, such as cultivating interdependence through contact, fostering inclusive representations, and harnessing ideological motives toward overcoming resistance to change, and carry implications for expanding the scope of justice theory, research, and practice.     

民事检察建议刍议——以与抗诉的关系协调为视角

2012年全面修订后的《民事诉讼法》增设了"检察建议",作为与抗诉相并列的检察监督机制。这一非讼性、沟通性的同级监督手段,在性质、功能、适用条件、适用范围、具体规则以及法律效力等方面均与抗诉制度有所区别。应当在准确定位抗诉与检察建议之优劣势的基础上,以比例原则、穷尽其他救济原则、公开原则和说理原则为总体指引,科学定位两类监督机制的应然功能和作用边界,同时配以相应的具体程序、规则和法律效力,进而推动多元化、创新型、协作型检察监督机制体系的构建,促进诉权、审判权、检察监督权三者之间的良性互动关系和资源优化配置。     

行政法总则中基本原则体系的立法构建

行政法基本原则是行政法规范的基础性原理、准则和基本精神,具有立法上的整合统领、执法上的行为准则和司法上的可适用性功能,是“行政法总则”不可或缺的灵魂条款。从体系化构建上看,对于基本原则的具体内容,需要采取学理和规范分析的方法,以能够反映行政法的根本价值和特殊规律为标准,从众多的行政法规范、司法裁判、政策性文件以及各种学说学理中加以提取,并对域外立法例予以分析借鉴。据此,可以将行政法基本原则分为权益保障、行政法定、行政均衡、行政正当和行政效能五大类共十二项具体的子原则。在立法技术上,对基本原则条款的设置,应当坚持罗列式及分层式表达的方式,以全面而精准地表达出各项原则的具体内容及其效力层次。     

有限责任公司的改造与重塑——《公司法》相关内容的修改建议

《公司法》现行立法常与公司运营和证券市场发展以及与司法和执法发生冲突。应当从有限责任公司的资本制度改造、公司治理结构、组织机关的完善、大小股东平衡机制与股份退出、股权继承机制、董事权利与忠实、注意、信义的结合、承认一人公司等方面对有限责任公司的强制性规范和任意性规范进行重新审视和构造。     

契约理念引入行政法的背景分析——基础与条件

市场经济和市场经济下的行政机关与公民的关系 ,既是行政法和契约的基础 ,也构成了二者结合的基础 ;民主为契约理念在行政法中的确立奠定了观念与制度的基础 ,也正是民主孕育着行政法的契约精神 ,而行政职能的转变及多元化行政的出现 ,为契约在行政法中的应用提供了广阔的空间 ;法治理念与契约理念有着异曲同工之妙 ,二者互为基础 ;立法对契约的规定与行政的实际运作 ,表明了契约理念的确立已具有现实的可行与必要。契约理念确立的条件 ,可从行政、行政相对人、行政关系中的利益及契约与依法行政的结合等方面来解读 :行政的开放性与文化支撑性、行政相对人的独立性和参与性、行政关系中不同利益的可交换性、契约与依法行政的相融性。     

道路交通事故中涉案者交通行为方式的法医学鉴定

目的回顾道路交通事故中需要进行涉案者交通方式鉴定的案例。探讨此类案例鉴定的思路和技术方法。方法收集28例近年本单位进行的道路交通事故涉案者交通行为方式鉴定案例,统计涉案者一般情况、损伤程度与交通行为方式的关系,交通事故发生的时间和地点、交通事故中车辆碰撞类型、采用的技术方法等,进行统计学处理。结果本组资料共28起道路交通事故案件,涉案人员共57人,男性50人．女性7人。交通事故发生时间夜间为19例（67．86％）,白天为9例（32．14％）。道路类型中,城市市区道路10例（35．7％）,城市郊区道路1例（3．6％）,省级道路10例（35．7％）,高速公路7例（25％）。酒后驾车9例（32．1％）。交通事故类型中,电动自行车与机动车事故5例（17．8％）,机动车与自行车事故1例（3．6％）,机动车单方事故7例（25．0％）;机动车与机动车事故11例（39．3％）,机动车与行人事故4例（14．3％）。涉案人员死亡27人,损伤29人,无明显伤害1人。损伤存活者中轻微伤10例（34．5％）,轻伤8例（27．6％）,重伤1l例（37．9％）。涉案者交通行为方式鉴定种类中,汽车驾驶人和乘车人认定16例（57．1％）,摩托车驾驶人和乘车人认定1例（3．6％）,电动自行车驾驶人和乘车人认定5例（17．8％）,自行车推行和骑行状态认定1例（3．6％）,摩托车推行和骑行状态认定1例（3．6％）,行人横过公路方向4例（14.3％）。涉案者交通行为方式鉴定采用的技术手段和方法．包括法医学活体损伤检验、法医学尸表检验、涉案肇事车车辆痕迹检验、DNA检验鉴定、现场人体模拟实验等。结论根据人体（活体或尸体）的体表损伤形态特征、痕迹分布,分析其致伤物和致伤方式,结合车辆痕迹检验结果,得出确认符合某种交通行为方式或者不符合某种交通行为方式的判断,结合案件的相关情况分析重建交通事故过程．是进行涉案者交通行为方式鉴定的基本思路。     

犯罪论体系的维度

犯罪论的事实判断是对外界客观行为的实然认识,价值评价是主体对客观事实的应然判断,两者应当是协调统一的。行为入罪具有客观规律性。犯罪论的事实判断包括客观事实判断与主观事实判断,具有普遍性与特殊性、恒定性与可变性。犯罪论的价值评价包括客观价值评价、主观价值评价和混合价值评价。行为入罪在价值评价上需要遵循目的有效性、手段有效性、司法有效性、效益均衡性和后果均衡性原则。大陆法系国家的犯罪论体系缺乏实质的混合价值评价要素;我国平面的犯罪论体系缺乏形式的混合价值评价要素。重构论不可行的理由是:作为其哲理根据的事实与价值二元论早已崩溃,作为其立论基础的德日阶层犯罪论体系在评判次序上并非先事实后价值。