非道德性:现代法律职业伦理的困境

结合当下司法改革中所出现的一些典型事例,本文以"非道德性"为基本概念,系统描述和分析当代法律职业伦理所遭遇的困境,以及"自由主义"法学理论与之的内在性关联。最终,提出了以中国传统美德伦理学来克服这一困境的理论命题。     

Participation and Rules- The Functions of Zoning

Data from a case study of piecemeal zoning change suggest that the decisions of citizen zoning boards of appeal are neither lawless nor ineffective. The bulk of requests that come before them are for minor dimension or use variances and are typically allowed unless there is local opposition. The proportion of changes granted varies with the degree of clash between a proposed use or structure and the preexisting local land use-the "character of the community" (particularly in single-family residential areas). Expressions of opinion (positive or negative) by current neighbors and other community members are given heavy weight in zoning decisions.
Despite criticism of zoning boards as defective and illegitimate legal institutions and calls for their abolition, they have remained popular and extremely resistant to change. This is because zoning boards have evolved beyond their explicit rule enforcement functions to also play important dispute-settling and community maintenance functions in the contemporary urban setting. These functions of zoning can only be understood in terms of a participatory model of legal process where legal rules serve to identify situations and trigger sociopolitical processes as much as they serve as substantive norms to be enforced .     

版权制度的困境

由于作品与有体动产相比具有可复制性和非竞争性的性格,因此对它的保护很难像对动产的保护那样建立在占有的基础上。事实上,版权——这种对作品的保护制度,是一种法律拟制。一如论者所说,不同的保护方式依赖于权利对象的不同性质。〔1〕但是,由于历史的机缘,现代/西方式法律对因作品而发生的关系的规定大致沿用了有体财产上的物权理论,〔2〕其隐含的前提是:作品与有体财产在本体上都是确定的。按照这种预设,作品就是作品,它有自己的边界和范围,版权法保护的对象是私有领域的东西。然而,实践和现代的理论表明,这种有关作品本体确定的预设只是…     

The Social Dilemma of European Integration

This essay examines the problems that many scholars raise when referring to the EU’s chances of implementing a true, original and effective social model, capable of renewing the Welfare State model developed after the Second World War. The analysis is conducted in the light of the process of ‘constitutionalisation’ in the European Union and of the Lisbon Treaty. Following a constructive approach, the author examines the current debate among European public actors on this issue, with particular emphasis on the ‘advanced enforcement’ of the Nice Bill of Rights evident in the jurisprudence of the European Courts as well as in recently published European Commission documents on ‘flexicurity’.

现代社会中司法的力量——兼论转型中国司法的两难困境及应对

在现代社会中,司法成为一种专门且相对独立的活动,这不仅是分权制衡的必要和纠纷解决的产物,也是现代国家统治正当化的策略选择。由此,司法活动既受内在限制,也蕴含了影响国家治理和社会发展的潜在力量。面对人们司法预期增长与法院自身能力不足的矛盾,司法力量的铸成需以克制为基本立场,并依靠相应的制度和司法技艺灵活处理可能危及自身安全和正当性的社会需求。相形之下,转型中国的司法尚未完成现代化就已经无法避免能动的角色担当,其力量的培育不仅需要在审判独立性方面着力,而且还要注重为法院"减压",并理性认识和评估法官实践中的智慧。     

The Dilemma of Civil Prosecutorial Protest System

2007年修改的《民事诉讼法》及相关司法解释未从根本上完善民事抗诉制度.法学界关于民事抗诉制度的争论一直末达成共识.制度缺陷和理论争辩使民事抗诉制度陷于存与废的纠结之中.民事抗诉制度仍有存续的必要;强化之路在于民事抗诉权与刑事检察权的有机结合.     

民事抗诉制度的尴尬

2007年修改的《民事诉讼法》及相关司法解释未从根本上完善民事抗诉制度。法学界关于民事抗诉制度的争论一直未达成共识。制度缺陷和理论争辩使民事抗诉制度陷于存与废的纠结之中。民事抗诉制度仍有存续的必要;强化之路在于民事抗诉权与刑事检察权的有机结合。     

美国宪法解释:"麦迪逊两难"之消解

在美国宪法解释实践中长期存在着被学者们所称的“麦迪逊之两难”问题,即民主多数统治的自由与少数自由权利之间始终处于一种似乎不可消解的张力之中。不同的学者和法官由于基于各自不同的民主与宪政原则,而在宪法解释的理论与实践中采取了不同的解释方法与立场,主要分属两大宪法解释流派:原意主义和非原意主义。然而,认真考察和分析美国宪法与宪政原意与原则理想,则会得出“麦迪逊之两难”命题不过是一个假命题的结论,因为真正的民主自身包含着自由平等原则。     

著作权质押的困境和出路

著作权质押对于激励作品创作具有重要意义.目前的著作权质押存在权利冲突和规范缺失的问题,其根源在于缺乏对精神权利的限制以及对著作权质押法律定位的困扰,因此需要适当弱化精神权利,建立精神权利许可使用的新模式,同时以抵押的观念改造著作权质押制度,进一步完善相关规范.     

著作权质押的困境和出路

著作权质押对于激励作品创作具有重要意义。目前的著作权质押存在权利冲突和规范缺失的问题,其根源在于缺乏对精神权利的限制以及对著作权质押法律定位的困扰,因此需要适当弱化精神权利,建立精神权利许可使用的新模式,同时以抵押的观念改造著作权质押制度,进一步完善相关规范。     

Up and Down the Zoning

In a specific downzoning situation, the question is not so much whether the new classification reduced the value of the property in comparison to the prior zoning, but rather whether the new classification is reasonable. Since the landowner has no right to expect zoning to continue, the courts are more concerned with the reasonableness of the new zoning as applied to the specific property and not the diminution in value under the new classification.     

Mixed-Use Zoning: The N.Y.C. Experience

New York City's original mixed-use zoning proposal was part of an “infill zoning” program, intended to allow housing development legally in nonresidentially zoned areas where such development was otherwise feasible. “Infill zoning” was an attempt to encourage housing construction in small areas in which inflexible application of the existing zoning with respect to uses, side yards, or whatever else would discourage or even disallow it. For example, along with the provision for residences in manufacturing zones, it provided for construction “infilling” between rowhouses on lots which did not meet existing minimum sue requirements. A booklet issued by the city planning commission stated the objectives of the mixed-use provisions:     

互联网法院的程序法困境及出路

互联网法院借助互联网技术审理特定类型的涉互联网案件,以全流程在线办理为原则,改变了诉讼行为发生的时空条件.互联网法院在现阶段面临的程序法困境主要包括设立依据有违法定法官原则、管辖范围的界定不够妥当、在线庭审的规则创新冲击民事司法之基本原则、诉讼规则忽视对当事人处分权和平等权的保障等方面.从立法上明确互联网法院的试点法院...     

现代化的困窘:《法律现代主义》读后

与德沃金、昂格尔和波斯纳这些现如今在中国大陆声名鼎沸的当代美国法学家相比,戴维·鲁本这个名字听起来或许会让中国法学界的读者们极感陌生;同样的,《法律现代主义》〔1〕一书也绝不像《认真对待权利》、《现代社会中的法律》及《法律的经济分析》诸书那样在中国法学圈中广为流布。然以笔者拙见,本书之磅礴厚重、犀利深邃实在是别开生面,甚至更为切近近代中国的社会情弊;更有助于我们反省百余年来,一代代中国人投身其中,苦苦探寻和追索却又无从自拔的所谓“现代化陷阱”。当然,如此比况,可能极不合宜,也难逃老王卖瓜之讥。 顾 名 思 义 ,…     

普遍人权理论的宗教难题

20世纪60年代末,伊斯兰复兴运动的兴起促进了伊斯兰人权观的出现,这种从伊斯兰教义出发看待一切人权规范的人权观在伊斯兰世界至今仍具有顽强的生命力。伊斯兰人权观与人权的亚洲价值观在强调人权的特殊性以及非政治化方面存在很大的相似性,但前者的宗教性决定了其比后者更加根深蒂固。无论是以国际人权宪章为基础还是以道德普遍性为基础的普遍人权理论都存在理论上的弱点,很难对与国际人权宪章存在诸多矛盾冲突的伊斯兰人权观有足够的说服力,伊斯兰世界多元变化的事实也不足以消除伊斯兰人权观与普遍人权观存在的观念冲突。在一个多元化的世界,西方普遍人权话语中将人权宗教化或者原教旨主义化的倾向具有使人权观念被绝对化和异化的危险,由此很容易成为与其他信仰的冲突之源。只有坚持一种具有反思性的温和普遍人权观才能实现其与伊斯兰人权观等其他价值观的和平共处与有效对话。     

Up and down the Zoning Scale

Zoning in this country has traditionally been a waiting game with the development proceess. Not knowing what specific property will be used for and not controlling the ball game suficiently to say what will be the use, land has been zoned in a “wait and see” classification. Some land has been overzoned for certain uses; other land has been left fairly open as to its potential use. Thus the system itself necessitates constant change in a property's classification as circumstances change. Many of these changes are made to accommodate a specific development proposal, so they are to the landowner's benefit. However, other rezonings result in a reduction in the landowner's potential for profit. It is this type of change—downzoning—that is the subject of this discussion.