高速动车车窗玻璃破损成因研究

本文通过对24例高速动车组车窗玻璃破损现场勘查资料的分析，归纳了车窗玻璃在非人为因素和人为因素两种不同情况下玻璃破损的特点，探讨了动车车窗玻璃破损的机理，提出了勘查此类现场的要点及防范措施。     

高铁隧道内气动效应形成损坏痕迹特点分析

动车高速通过隧道时,运行车体推动的空气由于受到隧道壁的约束能形成能量很强的冲击气流,有时会造成一些设备设施损坏、脱落,进而危及高铁行车安全。这类事件发生后,铁路部门往往误以为是人为破坏,并以破坏案件进行上报。本文通过对特定动车行车事故的现场勘验、调查访问,分析了高铁隧道内气动效应对特殊位置设施造成损坏的过程及形成痕迹特点,准确认定了事件性质和事故发生原因,并对气动效应形成损坏痕迹和常见工具形成痕迹的区别进行了探讨。     

几种交通事故痕迹鉴定类型的鉴定要点

道路交通事故痕迹鉴定主要可以分为是否与其它车辆发生过碰撞鉴定和碰撞形态鉴定两种类型。道路交通事故痕迹鉴定可以从车与车、车与人、车与客体物的相互关系来进行判断。通过对2000例道路交通事故痕迹鉴定的案例进行回顾性的研究,应用痕迹检验方法对车辆及其它客体物的痕迹进行检验比对分析,总结出道路交通事故痕迹鉴定的具体鉴定要点。     

浅议非正常死亡现场的勘验检查

非正常死亡案事件的处理,事关社会和谐与稳定,公安机关刑事技术部门要高度重视非正常死亡案事件的现场勘验工作,对非正常死亡案事件,要同刑事案件一样,进行科学、全面、细致的勘验,不能有先入为主的心理,防止和避免因处理不当而引发不必要的纠纷,特别是影响社会安定的群体性事件发生。     

案事件调查中视频证据的内容解析

案事件的调查中,常常需要专业人员出具书面的报告,对视频记载的事件过程进行描述和解释。实际案件中,视频内容的分析报告多采用时间顺序,以语言描述为主。本文提出视频内容解析的概念,综合运用图像处理、图像测量、现场实验等技术方法,对视频中人、车、物等状态及其相互关系进行定性和定量的分析。解析结果以文字与图表相结合的形式呈现,可以更清晰完整地表述视频中反映的事件过程,已在多起重特大案事件的现场视频分析中应用。对于持续时间较长、关键目标动作较复杂的案事件形成视频解析报告,有助于对事件过程的还原,提高了视频证据的证明能力。     

交通肇事案件中的痕迹检验

1　案例简介1 1　轮胎印压痕迹在交通事故中 ,人与车、车与车之间发生接触 ,不可避免的会产生物质与痕迹形态的相互交换 ,在双方客体上会同时留下痕迹物证和微量物证。印压痕迹的形成必须有三个要素 ,即造型客体、承受客体和作用力。造型客体、承受客体的作用方式不同时 ,所形成痕迹的种类、特点和形态是不相同的 ,造型客体的轮廓形态特征会直接反映在承受客体上。案例 1　 2 0 0 2年 6月 2日 ,某路口 ,石某驾驶大货车由南向东右转弯时 ,大货车右前角与李某驾驶的两轮摩托车 (后乘其子 )相撞 ,造成二人当场死亡。经勘察 ,死者李某后腰部、后…     

基于多信息融合的多车事故碰撞过程分析方法

多车事故由于发生多次碰撞导致痕迹叠加、错乱,碰撞过程分析存在较大技术困难,事故再现难以推进.介绍了基于痕迹的碰撞事故过程一般分析方法,重点针对多车碰撞事故,提出将痕迹、EDR、微量物证、视频/音频等信息要素融合的分析思路及方法,通过一起高速公路多车事故案例,进行了方法的实证分析,表明基于多信息融合的多车事故碰撞过程分析...     

论交通事故中的车体痕迹

交通事故司法鉴定中车体痕迹的鉴定至关重要,但目前对车体痕迹的概念、分类等尚见仁见智,存在一定差异,特别是对车体痕迹外部特征的表述,没有形成统一的标准。论文从车体痕迹的概念着手,分析了车体痕迹在司法鉴定中的应用,对广泛存在的车体痕迹从外部特征进行了详细分类,即附着物痕迹、移位痕迹、变形痕迹、刮擦刺剪痕迹、折叠痕迹、破裂破损爆裂痕迹、断脱脱落缺失痕迹、孔洞洞穿类痕迹、塌陷状痕迹、粉碎性痕迹等十种。希望引起讨论,形成统一的标准。     

基于痕迹检验的交通事故再现鉴定案例分析

交通事故再现是确定交通事故责任和事故成因的方法之一。在利用事故再现仿真软件进行交通事故再现过程中,应以交通事故现场痕迹的客观事实为依据。结合一起汽车与两轮车碰撞的交通事故案例,通过交通事故现场痕迹检验,分析交通事故形态,确定相关仿真再现参数。利用PC-crash软件,建立汽车、两轮车和人体模型,进行事故重建,并利用路面痕迹、车体痕迹、人体痕迹等对再现结果进行了验证。在鉴定中将事故过程再现与现场痕迹鉴定结合起来,提高了交通事故鉴定的客观性和科学性。     

工具痕迹检验技术在交通事故案件中的应用

《道路交通安全法》规定交通事故是指“车辆在道路上因过错或者意外造成的人身伤亡或者财产损失的事故”,其包括了车辆间的事故、车与行人的事故和车辆的单方事故。在证据成为破案和断案的唯一依据的当今法制社会里,交通事故痕迹物证已受到事故各方的强烈重视。近年来,各地送检来我中心的疑难交通事故案件痕迹多数都是要求鉴定二者是否发生作用,以及作用部位和方式。很显然,这类鉴定已不仅是某类客体可否形成某一现场痕迹的种类认定问题,而是形成客体的同一认定问题。由于交通事故中的碰撞痕迹是双方发生机械作用后形成的,国内外同行公认,交…     

侵权法上的因果关系

侵权法上因果关系可分为责任成立意义上的因果关系和赔偿范围上的因果关系。责任成立意义上的因果关系无论在大陆法系还是英美法系都可分为事实因果关系和法律因果关系。事实因果关系的判定以哲学意义上的因果关系的判定为基础 ,以必要条件或充分原因作为前提条件 ,同时必须伴随损害结果发生可能性增加。法律因果关系的成立则以实现其社会功能为出发点 ,因此要将可预见性、损害的类型、责任的类型、过错的程度等加以考虑。赔偿范围上的因果关系是确定各原因力对损害结果的贡献 ,从而锁定赔偿额的大小。     

A single fatal penetrating chest wound caused by a dagger-shaped fragment of broken door glass

A 19-year-old woman ran against a glass door, and, breaking it, was struck in the left anterior chest by a single dagger-like fragment of broken door glass. This fragment deeply penetrated her chest and wounded the anterior wall of the left ventricle of her heart. She rapidly died from loss of blood. The majority of single fatal penetrating chest wounds seen at postmortem examinations are caused by firearms and bladed weapons. While penetrating chest wounds occasionally result from fragments of glass, most severe and fatal wounds from glass result from one's falling into or through plate glass and sustaining wounds of the head, face, abdomen, or extremities. A single fatal wound from a dagger-shaped piece of glass is distinctly uncommon. To prevent such an accident from occurring, safety glass must be used in front doors of public institutions.     

A single fatal penetrating chest wound from shattered wind-blown glass

The great majority of penetrating wounds of the thorax result from firearms and bladed weapons. Penetrating wounds of the heart and of the great vessels still have a high immediate mortality. While penetrating chest wounds occasionally result from fragments of glass; most severe and fatal wounds from glass result from one's falling into or through architectural (plate) glass, sustaining wounds of abdomen or extremities, or both. A single, fatal penetrating chest wound resulting from a wind-blown fragment of glass is distinctly uncommon. The unique case of this type reported herein is that of a 12-year-old youth who was struck in his home in the left anterior chest by a single, sharp, slender fragment of glass blown from a window which shattered in a thunderstorm. This resulted in a rapidly fatal penetrating wound involving thoracic viscera. The forensic pathologist must thoroughly investigate and document such accidental deaths, modifying his/her autopsy procedure as necessary for these purposes and to avoid accidental injury at the autopsy table.     

Detection of nitro-organic and peroxide explosives in latent fingermarks by DART- and SALDI-TOF-mass spectrometry

The ability of two mass spectrometric methods, surface-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight-mass spectrometry (SALDI-TOF-MS) and direct analysis in real time (DART-MS), to detect the presence of seven common explosives (six nitro-organic- and one peroxide-type) in spiked latent fingermarks has been examined. It was found that each explosive could be detected with nanogram sensitivity for marks resulting from direct finger contact with a glass probe by DART-MS or onto stainless steel target plates using SALDI-TOF-MS for marks pre-dusted with one type of commercial black magnetic powder. These explosives also could be detected in latent marks lifted from six common surfaces (paper, plastic bag, metal drinks can, wood laminate, adhesive tape and white ceramic tile) whereas no explosive could be detected in equivalent pre-dusted marks on the surface of a commercial lifting tape by the DART-MS method due to high background interference from the tape material. The presence of TNT and Tetryl could be detected in pre-dusted latent fingermarks on a commercial lifting tape for up to 29 days sealed and stored under ambient conditions.     

Legal and scientific probability of causation of cancer and other environmental disease in individuals

How to evaluate and apply probabilistic scientific evidence that cancer (or other diseases) have been caused by chemical substances (or other environmental agents) constitutes a critical problem which must be addressed by legal institutions. This article analyzes the basis of the current scientific concepts of causation and the means of incorporating epidemiological and statistical evidence of causation into the legal process, primarily with respect to cases of harm to individuals. Experiments with and adjustments of the legal system to effect an adequate accommodation of such probabilistic evidence are suggested.     

Evaluation of iodine-benzoflavone and ruthenium tetroxide spray reagents for the detection of latent fingermarks at the crime scene

The performance of two spray reagents, iodine-benzoflavone and ruthenium tetroxide (RTX), was evaluated and compared with the conventional technique currently used at the crime scene, that is, powdering. Neither the spray techniques nor powdering were shown to be suitable for all surfaces and ages of marks tested. On some surfaces such as glass and treated wood, powdering was still the superior technique, whereas the spray techniques produced better development on wallpaper, vinyl, and brick. Sequencing work showed that RTX was incompatible with powdering and cyanoacrylate (with a rhodamine 6G stain). Iodine-benzoflavone can be used successfully either before or after powdering in a sequence; however, it was incompatible with cyanoacrylate. Two non-CFC formulations of iodine-benzoflavone using HFC4310mee and HFE7100 solvents were tested and shown not to be as effective as the original Arklone (CFC-113) formulation; however, the HFC4310mee solvent is recommended as the most suitable replacement solvent. Due to the expense of the commercial RTX spray, attempts at formulating a more cost-effective version were also carried out. A formulation was developed that gave comparable development to the commercial version but at a much cheaper cost, and with a shelf life of up to two months. Recommendations are presented for which techniques are suitable for different surfaces and ages of marks. Powdering was shown to be the best technique on all ages of marks tested on treated wood, glass, and also on marks aged three days and older on paint. Iodine-benzoflavone was the best technique on wallpaper, vinyl, brick, and raw wood. RTX was the best detection technique for fresh marks and marks aged up to one day on wallpaper and paint.     

The experimental and case study of needle marks on the speedometer as the physical evidence for the collision speed analysis

The collision speed is important in accident analysis, and needle marks can be helpful as the physical evidence. The deceleration impact system has been built to analyze the mechanics of the needle and the gauge plate. Two isolated groups were designed to record the speed values under the same sample labels from real crashes. The visualization platform was built for the first group to collect needle marks. The second group recorded the speed values by other methods. The collision deceleration, the gauge plate materials, and the collision directions determine the forming of the needle marks. There were eight positive results from the 23 effective samples (12 frontal, four side, and seven rear), with discernible tip and/or middle marks on gauge plates. Multiple marks have been distinguished effectively. The low- and high-speed impacts have no obvious differences for real needle marks. It is more accurate for frontal impacts.     

The application of TreadMatch scans to aid the process of footwear mark comparison

Currently in the UK, if a person is arrested or charged with a recordable offence, they can have prints of their footwear taken whilst in custody. The tread pattern recorded in these prints can be searched for using the National Footwear Database to find out if the same footwear pattern has been recovered at previous crime scenes, generating forensic intelligence.TreadMatch is a digitised system for collecting footwear prints seized from detainees in custody for this purpose. Whilst its use for generating intelligence is accepted, validation experiments have not been conducted to understand its level of performance in assisting in forensic comparison purposes for identification, because in the absence of an incorporated scale, it is not known how well TreadMatch reproduces the pattern size of a tread, threatening the validity of the comparison. If it can be determined that the measurements of TreadMatch scans are consistent with the more commonly used aluminium powder test marks, this could save Police time and resources if the digital scans could be used for preliminary assessment prior to the footwear being physically submitted for evidential comparison. Therefore, this study set out to compare three different types of TreadMatch scans (‘dynamic’, ‘zoomed’ and ‘rolled’) for thirty different pieces of footwear, with test marks of the same footwear using the traditional method (fingerprint powder). Length and width measurements were obtained from each tread pattern using GNU Image Manipulation Program software. The resulting data were analysed to assess for agreement between TreadMatch scans and test marks using 95% Intraclass Correlation Coefficients (ICC) and 95% Bland-Altman plots of Limits of Agreement (LOA). Additionally, an intra-sample study using fifteen repeated measurements of the same piece of footwear for different TreadMatch scanning methods was carried out to support the larger validity study.95% ICC_3,1 resulted in coefficients ranging from 0.99 to 1.00 across all measurements. 95% LOA displayed close agreement. There was less agreement and more variation displayed between the test marks and the TreadMatch rolled scans for both length and width measurements. This variation for hand-rolled prints must be taken into consideration and a standard approach developed. The study suggests TreadMatch can be used for preliminary assessments in assisting forensic comparisons, particularly for dynamic and zoomed prints.