The Role of Victim-Related Factors in Victim Restitution: A Multi-Method Analysis of Restitution in Pennsylvania

Mandatory statutes do not always produce change, but a 1995 Pennsylvania statutory change making restitution mandatory dramatically increased the proportion of cases in which restitution was imposed. There are three possible reasons for this generally successful implementation: (a) judges agreed with the victim-centered goals of the statute, (b) there were mechanisms in place to implement the goals of assisting victims, and (c) there was a context supportive of victims that made it easier to follow the law. Two studies investigated these possible explanations. First, a statewide survey of trial court judges suggested that they agreed with the statute's goals of compensating victims. Second, hierarchical logistic models of 55,119 statewide restitution-eligible decisions indicated that a victim-related contextual factor, the nature and location of the victim/witness assistance office, was significantly related to the imposition of restitution, although a more general contextual factor relating to funding for victim programs had only small effects.     

关于恢复原状、返还财产的辨析

恢复原状、返还财产经常被分别适用在若干民法制度中 ,恢复原状在我国现行法上存在着五种类型 ,含义各异 ;返还财产存在着七种类型 ,含义不同。     

Restitution in America: Why the US Refuses to Join the Global Restitution Party

In the past generation, restitution law has emerged as a globalphenomenon. From its Oxbridge home, restitution migrated tothe rest of the Commonwealth, and ongoing Europeanization projectshave brought the common law of restitution into contact withthe Romanist concept of unjust enrichment, further internationalizingthis movement. In contrast, in the United States, scholarlyinterest in restitution, in terms of books, articles, treatises,symposia and courses on restitution, is meager. Similarly, whilerestitution, equity and tracing cases receive considerable treatmentat the highest levels of the English judiciary, US courts seemuninterested in these issues, rarely producing the theory-ladenopinions that have become quite common in the House of Lords.The situation is particularly curious because restitution isgenerally thought to be the invention of late nineteenth-centuryAmerican scholars. This article explains this divergence. Iargue that the Commonwealth restitution discourse is largelya product of pre- or anti-realist legal thought which generatesscepticism within the American academic-legal establishment.The article identifies the two dominant camps in American privatelaw thought—left-leaning redistributionalists and thecentre-right legal economists—and shows that neither hasany use for the Commonwealth's discourse. I conclude by analysingthe emerging drafts of the Restatement of Restitution and forecastthe future of American restitution law.     

Retribution,Restitution and Revenge

Law and Philosophy -     

所有权返还请求权制度——以德国法为视角对《物权法》之反思

2007年《物权法》遗留了相当多的制度缺失和制度缺陷问题,例如所有权概念、所有权返还请求权制度建设问题。从所有权的概念入手,论述所有权中最重要的一项权能,即占有及以该项权能为对象的所有权返还请求权,指出我国的物权法应对所有权返还请求权进行明确规范。同时对于与所有权密切联系的另一个制度,即占有应进行进一步的规范。通过对所有权返还请求权的论述,得出结论,占有制度中的间接占有制度的引入对于保障所有权返还请求权必不可少。     

人文主义法学引论

人文主义法学是指崇尚人的价值、尊重人的本性的法学观点或法学思想体系。人文主义法学的指导思想是将人作为目的。人文主义法学的基本原则及对法律思想的影响表现在如下方面:尊重人的需要和利益原则促进了权利、人权、自由的产生和发展;防范人的恶性原则促进了法治概念、民主政府、分权、法律程序、法律监督的产生和发展;宽容人的弱点原则主张法律对人的行为不宜提出过高的要求;鼓励人的优点原则主张法律允许人们参与法律实践活动、鼓励人的奉献行为。人文主义法学的兴起将促进法学研究和法律实践的发展。     

Damages for Breach of Contract: Compensation, Restitution and Vindication

In this article we examine the role which vindication playsin contract damages. Vindication describes the making good ofa right by the award of an adequate remedy. We argue that, whilethe primary purpose of compensation is to provide an indemnityfor loss, an award of compensatory damages will neverthelessgenerally vindicate the right to performance of the contract.We go on to consider a distinct measure of damages, vindicatorydamages. These, we argue, are neither compensatory nor restitutionary,neither loss-based nor gain-based: they are a rights-based remedy.We then identify various situations in which the courts maybe seen to have awarded what are, in substance, vindicatorydamages. We conclude by considering the benefits which may followfrom recognition of the availability of vindicatory damagesas a contract remedy.     

略论孟子民本思想的当代价值

以孟子为代表的民本思想是中国传统政治文化中最具进步性的永恒的思想主题,它是以人民为国家政治本体的一种思想体系,是近现代民主的原初观念形态。民贵君轻、民心向背决定政治成败是孟子民本思想的基本理念。孟子为提倡民权提供了一条很好的思路,并提出了以保民、养民、富民、教民为基本内涵的民生主张。从这些政治理念中必将得出具有政治实践意义的结论：为政一切从人民利益出发,一切政治措施必须以人民的利益为归宿,否则就是离民背本。     

票据利益返还请求权制度论纲

票据利益返还请求权是一种游走于票据权利与票据原因债权、票据法与民法的一种权利。该权利旨在平衡票据当事人的利益,其行使要满足的要件包括主观的和客观的,其行使效果为返还票据利益,其实行谁主张、谁举证原则,其诉讼时效适用民法的规定。票据利益返还请求权的存在不是对票据原因债权的排除。     

不当得利返还请求权之再定性

传统民法把不当得利返还权定性为债权而归入债权编,然而这种定性定位不利于保护当事人的合法权益,而且与我国物权变动的有因模式相冲突。通过对不当得利制度的历史考察和价值分析,得出的结论是:它是一种概括的混合的救济权,既可以救济对人性的权利,也可以救济对物性的权利。不当得利、不当得利之债和不当得利返还请求权是不同范畴的概念。     

论票据之不当得利返还

票据之不当得利返还暗含着票据关系与票据基础关系的的联结和糅合,是一种让被票据无因性基本上排斥在票据法之外的票据基础关系发挥作用的机制,因而在某种程度上是游离于票据法与民法之间的一种制度。票据之不当得利返还的运作离不开民法上的不当得利与票据无因性这两个前提,并因票据之二人关系不当得利返还与票据之三人关系不当得利返还而有不同。票据之不当返还运作的效果是返还票据或涂销票据上的签名,同时法律应围绕其举证责任与诉讼时效安排相应的规则。