论侵权责任法对血液损害赔偿责任的规定

根据侵权责任法对血液损害赔偿的归责原则,医疗机构除了承担过错责任外,也承担无过错责任。侵权责任法规定医疗机构在向受到损害的患者承担无过错赔偿责任后有权向血液提供机构追索赔偿,较之以往的相关法律有了巨大进步。但由于规定比较笼统,文字表述也存在歧义,尚有值得商榷之处。     

Risk Aversion, Liability Rules, and Safety

This paper investigates the performance of liability rules in two-party stochastic externality problems where negotiations are feasible and side payments are based on the realized level of externalities. Results show that an increase in polluter liability does not necessarily increase safety or efficiency in cases where the polluter is risk neutral. Complete polluter liability is found to yield Pareto optimality. When either party is risk averse, an increase in polluter liability may sometimes reduce safety and efficiency. If the polluter is risk neutral and the victim is risk averse, Pareto optimality is only achieved by assigning full liability on the polluter, i.e. giving the victim complete property rights to a clean environment. If the polluter is risk averse and the victim is risk neutral, no level of polluter liability is optimal. In this case, optimality can only be achieved through a contract on abatement activities, such that the risk-averse polluter receives a guaranteed payment regardless of the stochastic outcome.     

论医疗损害责任归责原则——以《侵权责任法》的规定为视角

《侵权责任法》构建了我国医疗损害责任体系,并且构建起了统一的医疗损害责任归责原则体系,有利于保护医患双方合法权益。但《侵权责任法》的相关规定仍存在完善的空间和必要,应当确立医疗伦理损害责任适用过错推定责任原则,进一步完善医疗损害责任举证规则的设置和运用,明确医疗损害纠纷不适用公平责任。     

高校学生人身伤害事故责任认定探究

近年来,高等院校学生人身伤害事故不时见诸报端,高校频频坐在被告席上。学生安全事故发生后各方责任难以认定,对此很多人认为只要学生在学校遭受伤害,学校就应该负责任。本文立足于这些难题,通过分析高校学生人身伤害事故的特点,探究校方对学生的安全保障义务及违反不同义务所引发的责任,依据不同的归责原则适用范围,提出了高校因安全保障义务来源的不同分别选用不同的归责原则。     

劳动者因工负伤的赔偿责任研究

我国工伤法律制度在强制用人单位缴纳保费、工伤认定标准方面具有先进性,但也存在对过错归责重视不够、赔偿标准较低等不足,对工伤事故的保险给付和民事侵权赔偿的关系也有待明确、待改进之处。     

医疗事故的精神损害赔偿责任

《医疗事故处理条例》明确规定,对在因医疗事故造成医疗损害的受害人及其亲属赔偿各种医疗费用的同时,给予其一定数额的“精神损害抚慰金”。这在某种程度上解决了司法实践中是否给予精神损害赔偿的这一棘手问题。本文对医疗事故精神损害赔偿的必要性、应遵循的原则、赔偿的范围以及行使请求权的主体等问题进行了论述。     

Limited Liability and Imperfect Information—On the Existence of Safety Equilibria Under Products Liability Law

In the literature on the economics of tort law the Cournot-Nash equilibrium concept has been undisputed. In particular, the existence of a Cournot-Nash safety equilibrium has been taken for granted, given the usual convexity assumptions. In this paper a simple model of strict liability with the defence of contributory negligence is considered. Liability is assumed to be limited. It is shown that for a certain range of liability limits no Cournot-Nash safety equilibrium in pure strategies exists. A mixed strategy equilibrium exists but it turns out to be suboptimal.     

风险与法律:食品安全责任的分配如何可能

在现代社会,科技发展引起的食品安全风险日益增多。如何防范风险,确保食品安全,维护消费者健康,构成世界各国政府与公众关注的焦点;随之,法律结构也有了改变。由于风险所带来的不可预知性和不确定性,导致了因果关系链在经验世界中断裂,借助"肇事者原则"来确定过失与肇事者,并据此分配责任以补偿受害者,在举证上也就变得日益艰难。然而,人类要存续,法律要实现预期功能,仍需假定风险是可把握的、可控制的外在客观对象,并添加"预防原则"以重新分配食品安全责任,达到分散风险目的。为此,除了要构建食品安全主体的责任伦理外,还需实现从单纯惩罚机制向责任保险模式的转变。     

食品安全责任保险二元结构论

关于食品安全责任保险,应当结合食品科学的研究以及食品安全事故发生的概率、危险程度等因素,将转基因食品、儿童食品等纳入强制责任保险,不能笼统地将所有食品安全责任纳入强制责任保险。对食品安全责任保险实行强制保险和自愿保险二元结构。就食品安全责任强制保险而言,强制投保的对象应仅限于生产者,在认定保险人的除外责任时,应正确认定被保险人的“故意”。在食品安全责任自愿保险领域,针对投保率低的现状,应当在税收、食品营销等方面采取相应措施,来推动食品安全责任保险的发展。保险人的保险金给付义务仅限于损害补偿部分,惩罚性赔偿金的目的在于惩罚生产者、销售者,因此不能通过责任保险来分散风险。     

注册会计师的过失责任:连带责任抑或比例责任

对于注册会计师的过失责任应适用连带责任还是比例责任,目前理论界存在争议,而这一问题对于注册会计师的法律风险具有相当大的影响。从西方来看,更多地采用连带责任,但近年来,以美国为代表,正表现出逐渐从连带责任向比例责任的转变的趋势。我国目前有关法律亦采用连带责任,但从我国注册会计师的执业环境来看,连带责任将使注册会计师承担过高的法律风险,因此,对于注册会计师的过失责任采用比例责任可能更为合适。     

Reforming Liability for Psychiatric Injury in Scotland: A Recipe for Uncertainty?

It is widely acknowledged that the common law rules governing liability for psychiatric injury in the United Kingdom are in an unsatisfactory state. The Scottish Law Commission has now published a report, Damages for Psychiatric Injury (Scot Law Com No 196, 2004), which recommends wholesale statutory reform of this area of the law. In this paper, the report is summarised, and its recommendations subjected to detailed critical analysis. It is concluded that, while the proposed statutory scheme is both coherent and imaginative, the Commission's consistent preference for flexible, fact-oriented rules means that implementation of the report's recommendations could give rise to an unacceptable degree of uncertainty.     

论实习生伤害事故的责任承担

实习生在实习期间难免发生伤害事故，但由于种种原因，我国目前对处理实习生伤害事故的法律却并不健全，《工伤保险条例》将实习生伤害事故排除在工伤保险之外，以侵权法来保护受伤害的实习生不仅效率低下、成本较高，而且也不足以有效维护受伤害实习生的权益。在此情形下，有必要重新将实习生伤害事故纳入工伤保险的范围，在立法改变之前，则应充分发挥商业保险的作用，以分散风险，确保受伤害实习生的权益。     

Issues in Coverage for Preexisting Pollution Conditions under Pollution Liability Insurance Policies

Pollution liability insurance policies provide coverage for claims and costs associated with pollution conditions that develop and commence during the policy period. Coverage under such policies for claims arising from pollution conditions that existed before the policy incepted, however, varies significantly under different policy forms. This article addresses the two principal means that insurers have utilized to limit the risks associated with preexisting pollution conditions under pollution policies: the known conditions exclusion and retroactive date provisions. The article explains that these provisions have received mixed treatment in the courts and are likely to continue to be a focus of future coverage litigation involving environmental impairment liability and pollution legal liability policies.     

Enterprise Liability: Justifying Vicarious Liability

In Lister v Hesley Hall [2002] 1 AC 215 the House of Lords reformedthe law on vicarious liability, in the context of a claim arisingover the intentional infliction of harm, by introducing the‘close connection’ test. The immediate catalystwas the desire to facilitate recovery of damages on the partof victims of child abuse. The precise form the revision assumedwas derived from two Canadian Supreme Court cases: Bazley vCurry [1999] 174 DLR (4th) 45 and Jacobi v Griffiths [1999]174 DLR (4th) 7. The Canadian jurisprudence contains a detailedreview of the policy factors underpinning the law of vicariousliability and expresses the view that the most significant ofthese is ‘enterprise liability’. This article attemptsto establish whether enterprise liability holds the same significancein the UK. And, on the assumption that it does, the articlegoes on to consider any difficulties that may ensue and anyfurther common law reforms that may result. In particular itconsiders whether the law on vicarious liability for independentcontractors is likely to change.