非政府组织与我国公众参与模式

公民参与社会管理的愿望和能力的需要是非政府组织出现和发展的最主要的动力之一,在美国、瑞典等国家,非政府组织参与公共事务管理已经成为一种普遍并且有效的方法,本文认为我们应该借鉴这些国家的经验,加强非政府组织在公众参与中的作用。     

当前我国非政府组织存在的问题及对策分析

本文从宏观层面出发,简要的分析和探讨了当前我国非政府组织所存在的问题,并针对这些问题提出了合理的解决对策。     

浅探非政府组织参与公共危机治理

我国正处在一个公共危机多发时期,政府单一管理的模式已不足以应对,非政府组织作为社会力量的重要组成部分,应是公共危机治理的关键主体。就目前来看,我国非政府组织在参与公共危机的治理中存在着诸多问题和困境,作用远远没有得到发挥。本文对以上问题进行了简要的分析,并提出了相应的对策建议。     

非政府组织参与知识产权保护的中国模式:角色定位与路径选择

行政与司法系统协调保护是我国知识产权保护的主导模式.在我国加强服务型政府建设、趋向善治的过程中,知识产权保护主体出现多元化趋势.根据美国非政府组织参与知识产权保护的成功经验,对我国非政府组织的角色重新审视,客观分析非政府组织参与中存在的问题,并对其参与路径进行设计,以求增加非政府组织参与的公共空间,提高在我国知识产权保护中的利益聚合功效.     

非政府组织参与突发事件处置的优势、困境及出路

当前,突发事件正处在一种常态化的频发状态,突发事件的处置不能依靠政府一己之力,而需要全社会的协同参与。然而,由于受到传统管理体制的束缚和制度性的障碍,非政府组织参与突发事件处置还面临一些困境,本文从法制保障、政策保障、能力保障及公信力保障四方面提出提升非政府组织参与突发事件处置能力的可能性路径。     

试论非政府组织参与公共教育之方式探索

非政府组织在我国的发展日益蓬勃,在弥补"政府失灵"的缺陷下,开始承担公共管理的任务,提供公共产品。然而,我国法律及政府方面对非政府组织的限制,以及非政府组织自身的问题,使其在提供公共产品的方式上存在阻碍。本文就公共产品中的公共教育作为研究对象,通过介绍美国非政府组织在公共教育上的参与,进行我国与美国的对比,从而提出完善我国非政府组织参与公共教育的方式。     

试论非政府组织的公共性

非政府组织的公共性是其基本属性,源于参与＂市场失灵＂与＂政府失灵＂后参与公共产品供给,公共性可以从公共需要、社会公共责任、社会公共资源、公共领域四个方面来理解,同时这四个方面也存在公共性的悖论。     

论非政府组织的法治功能

非政府组织在全球化的背景下,成为社团革命的主角。非政府组织自身具备的法治功能促进了政治国家和社会的良性互动,促进了法治社会的建设。本文在探析非政府组织的法治功能的基础上,结合我国非政府组织发展现状,提出相关立法建议,而一个良好的法律环境将是促进我国非政府组织法治功能的发挥的前提     

国外非政府组织公信力建设对我国的启示

近年来,我国非政府组织迅猛发展,在社会多个领域发挥了重大作用。但我国正处于转型期,市场经济不完善、现行管理体制存在弊端等问题不断冲击着非政府组织,使其暴露出诸多问题,公信力受到严重挑战。本文通过借鉴美国、匈牙利等国外非政府组织公信力建设经验,提出提升我国非政府组织公信力的路径:建立健全监督体系、完善法律法规、施行阳光财务制度、树立非政府组织品牌形象以及加大政府支持力度等。     

Physicians' decisions to limit Medicaid participation: determinants and policy implications

Although most primary care physicians participate in state Medicaid programs, they may accept all Medicaid patients, or they may choose to limit their participation. This decision allows physicians to adjust their Medicaid caseloads to a desired level, and it has important implications for the access of low-income patients to health care. Surveys of pediatricians in 1978 and 1983 indicate that the proportion of pediatricians limiting their Medicaid participation increased significantly from 26 percent to 35 percent (p less than .001). In addition, in both 1978 and 1983, limited participants saw significantly fewer Medicaid patients than full participants. This paper describes a number of strategies available to federal and state policymakers for fostering full Medicaid participation. Multivariate analyses indicate that increasing reimbursement levels is an important strategy for encouraging full Medicaid participation. In addition, full participants will increase their Medicaid caseloads in response to a variety of Medicaid policy incentives, while limited participants are found to respond to fewer policy incentives. The authors conclude that caution will be needed to ensure that health care cost-containment strategies such as capitation or selective contracting do not inadvertently discourage participation among both full and limited Medicaid participants.     

Community organization and gang policy response

Analysis of agency response networks in 21 urban areas reveals that the adoption of policy responses is significantly related to social network location. In the 1988 National Youth Gang Intervention and Suppression Program survey, agency representatives were asked to list agencies with which regular contact was maintained in the process of dealing with the youth gang problem. Policy response is measured by the adoption of four policy responses: (1) making staff training available, (2) having a policy for dealing with youth gang problems, (3) having a policy in writing, and (4) attempting to influence legislation on the youth gang problem. Rasch modeling supports the scalability of the four items. The STRUCTURE program is used to identify elements of network structure within each community-specifically cliques and equivalence structures. A generalized linear model analysis of variance of the policy response scale reveals that structural equivalence and clique membership account for 54% of the variation in policy response. An examination of clique means indicates that network structure may retard as well as enhance policy response adaptations. In policy terms, this finding suggests that network structure should be mobilized by those who wish to develop a unified, national-level response to youth gang problems at the local level.     

Crime in China: Characteristics,causes, and control strategies

Since the early 1980s, China has experienced a significant rise in crime along with its rapid economic growth, . Official data indicate that from 1980 to 1990, the overall crime rate increased 160 percent, the number of serious criminal offenses increased 240 percent. Within this article, we discuss characteristics of the current crime wave, explore the causes of the sudden rise in crime, and discuss crime control measures taken by the Chinese government     

Popular legal participation in China and Japan

The purpose of this paper is to examine two contrasting styles of the mixed-court system in China and Japan and investigate the extent of their civic legal participation in both nations. In 2004, Japan passed the Quasi-Jury Act to introduce a system of popular legal participation in criminal trials, where defendants have their guilt and sentence determined by a judicial panel of both professional and lay judges. In the same year, the Standing Committee of the Chinese People’s Congress also promulgated the Resolution about the Improvement of the Lay Assessor System in 2004 (the Lay Assessor Act in 2004²) to revise the system of popular participation in law. The act was designed to correct the defects of the lay assessor system that have been sharply criticized by the Western observers for their lack of institutional effectiveness, minimizing the use of lay assessors, pointing at lay assessors’ participatory incompetence and passivity, and disapproving of insufficient funding, among others.There has been, however, little study critically examining the effectiveness of the revised system under the Lay Assessor Act in 2004 in China. In Japan, the first ever quasi-jury trial began in August 2009, but its quasi-jury system suffered from a lack of publicity and insufficient public knowledge about the system, thereby creating the wide-spread public reluctance, or even strong resistance, to participate in the system.The present research is an attempt to shed both theoretical and empirical light on the effectiveness of popular legal participation in these two powerful jurisdictions in East Asia. As both nations are working to adopt a democratic system of popular legal adjudication, this study will provide important clues to measuring the nations’ commitment, as well as the success or failure of the respective governments’ efforts, to democratize their systems of popular participation in legal decision-making.     

试析我国政府与非政府组织合作的基本途径

政府与非政府组织间的关系可以被认为是国家与社会关系在公共事务治理层面上的一个缩影。面对政府与市场可能出现的“双重失灵”,非政府组织的存在就具有了不可忽视的作用。非政府组织与政府之间的合作,须以政府的合理赋权为前提,以明确双方的角色定位为基础,以法律法规的健全与完善为保障。在慎重选择双方合作模式的同时,要进一步健全非政府组织的运行机制,以便为双方开展不同层次上的多种合作提供必要的制度支持和保障。     

DACA legal services: One federal policy,different local implementation approaches

In the United States, the absence of federal funding and coordination for immigration legal services often means that local resources determine immigrants' access to justice. Many of these resources go toward supporting immigrants caught in the detention and deportation system. Yet local support is also critical for implementing federal benefits programs such as the 2012 Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA) program. In this article, we draw on 146 interviews with representatives of legal services providers and their nonprofit collaborators in three immigrant-dense metropolitan areas—the Greater Houston Area, the New York City Metro Area, and the San Francisco Bay Area—to analyze the distinct, place-specific service and collaboration models that have emerged over the last decade to meet demand for DACA implementation support. Specifically, we examine how local context shapes the types of actors that immigrants can turn to for immigration legal services, and how they have coordinated on the ground in distinct ways during a time of increasing uncertainty.