The Biodiversity Convention and in situ Conservation in Zambia

This article describes biological diversity, its importance to the global community and to the African continent, focusing particularly on Zambia, my home country. The article considers briefly the provisions of the Convention on Biological Diversity¹ (the Biodiversity Convention) and in particular the in situ conservation obligations under the Convention. The article identifiies the required actions for the effective in situ conservation of biological diversity in Zambia. In this regard, the article high-lights the main problems associated with biological diversity loss, examines Zambia's legislation on the conservation of biological diversity and considers whether the obligations thereunder comply with the actions required for the effective conservation of biological diversity identified under the Biodiversity Convention. The article concludes with recommendations on what actions are needed for effective in situ conservation of biological diversity in Zambia.     

Amendments to sterility test requirements for biological products. Final rule

The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is amending the sterility test requirements for biological products. This rule provides manufacturers of biological products greater flexibility, as appropriate, and encourages use of the most appropriate and state-of-the-art test methods for assuring the safety of biological products. FDA is taking this action as part of its ongoing efforts to comprehensively review and, as necessary, revise its regulations related to biological products.     

人体生物性物质来源鉴定及法医学应用研究进展

犯罪现场中人体生物性物质来源鉴定在重现犯罪过程方面发挥了重要作用,寻找特异性遗传标记鉴定人体不同生物性物质来源是近年来法医学工作者研究的重点和难点。本文就目前研究较多的用于人体生物性物质来源鉴定的遗传标记进行综述,包括DNA甲基化、mRNA、microRNA、微生物菌群、蛋白质等。通过比较不同种类遗传标记鉴定人体生物性物质来源的原理和方法,发现人体不同生物性物质来源的鉴定都有其最适合的遗传标记种类,并且可以采用单一遗传标记或联合多种遗传标记进行检验。尽管目前各法医学实验室无统一的标准和方法鉴定人体生物性物质来源,但研究开发一系列成熟可靠的方法区分人体不同生物性物质,进而发挥其法庭证据作用,将是未来的发展方向。     

生物遗传资源的保护利用与惠益分享

随着地球上物种资源的不断减少和生物技术迅猛发展对生物遗传资源需求的不断增加,发达国家加紧对生物遗传资源的控制和掠夺,而我国生物遗传资源流失的情况严重,急待加强对生物遗传资源的保护、利用及惠益分享。本文分析了我国在生物遗传资源的保护、利用及惠益分享法律法规方面的不足及问题,并提出了加强生物遗传资源保护和管理的完善办法。     

生物遗传资源的保护利用与惠益分享

随着地球上物种资源的不断减少和生物技术迅猛发展对生物遗传资源需求的不断增加,发达国家加紧对生物遗传资源的控制和掠夺,而我国生物遗传资源流失的情况严重,急待加强对生物遗传资源的保护、利用及惠益分享。本文分析了我国在生物遗传资源的保护、利用及惠益分享法律法规方面的不足及问题,并提出了加强生物遗传资源保护和管理的完善办法。     

New drug and biological drug products; evidence needed to demonstrate effectiveness of new drugs when human efficacy studies are not ethical or feasible. Final rule

The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is amending its new drug and biological product regulations to allow appropriate studies in animals in certain cases to provide substantial evidence of the effectiveness of new drug and biological products used to reduce or prevent the toxicity of chemical, biological, radiological, or nuclear substances. This rule will apply when adequate and well-controlled clinical studies in humans cannot be ethically conducted and field efficacy studies are not feasible. In these situations, certain new drug and biological products that are intended to reduce or prevent serious or life-threatening conditions may be approved for marketing based on evidence of effectiveness derived from appropriate studies in animals and any additional supporting data.     

A false start in the race against doping in sport: concerns with cycling's biological passport

Professional cycling has suffered from a number of doping scandals. The sport's governing bodies have responded by implementing an aggressive new antidoping program known as the biological passport. Cycling's biological passport marks a departure from traditional antidoping efforts, which have focused on directly detecting prohibited substances in a cyclist's system. Instead, the biological passport tracks biological variables in a cyclist's blood and urine over time, monitoring for fluctuations that are thought to indirectly reveal the effects of doping. Although this method of indirect detection is promising, it also raises serious legal and scientific concerns. Since its introduction, the cycling community has debated the reliability of indirect biological-passport evidence and the clarity, consistency, and transparency of its use in proving doping violations. Such uncertainty undermines the legitimacy of finding cyclists guilty of doping based on this indirect evidence alone. Antidoping authorities should address these important concerns before continuing to pursue doping sanctions against cyclists solely on the basis of their biological passports.     

用分时选择离子质谱法一次检测多种药物

目的建立一种能避免生物样品中杂质的干扰,一次排查多种药、毒物,准确、灵敏度高的检验方法。方法应用分时选择离子质谱法,对常见毒物进行检验研究。结果在样品经简单净化处理的情况下,以分时选择离子质谱法检测,一次检测多个毒物(最多32个),定性、定量准确,灵敏度50～100ng/ml,经与全扫描质谱法进行比较,灵敏度提高2～3个数量级。结论该方法能有效提高排查毒物检测灵敏度,适用于常见毒物的排查检验。     

Biological factors and crime: implications for forensic psychiatry

To summarize, we can say that (1) Criminal behavior, especially chronic criminal behavior, seems to be partly genetically predisposed; (2) An important task at this point is to attempt to determine the biological factors which predispose people to crime; and (3) We have related some tentative initial steps being taken in the study of the autonomic nervous system as one possible heritable, biological basis for the failure of normal social learning forces in inhibiting criminal behavior. Early in this paper we discussed the tenability of asserting criminal responsibility on individuals whose criminal behavior has a partly genetic etiology. But this special consideration seems to set biological factors apart as being in some unique causal category. In fact, genetic, physiological, and biochemical factors are causal agents in the same sense as family, social class, or neighborhood factors. Of course, criminal behavior (like all other behavior) must be caused; one class of causal variables is the biological category. The legal doctrine of responsibility is not challenged by identifying biological factors as partially determining crime any more than it is by findings of social causation. Only in cases in which abnormal biological factors are exceptionally powerful influences might responsibility be challenged. Such cases will be quite rare.     

Rhetoric of anonymity and property rights in human biological materials (HBMs).

This article starts with the fact that science, the marketplace and the law adopt a particular vision in regards to the human biological resources that reduce them to a concept of mere biological information. The object of such vision is to make such resources available to science. Mariachiari Tallacchini has undertaken an exhaustive analysis on the existence or not of the right to property on the human biological resources, their use and the consent of the subject in order for its use.     

人格研究的生物学取向述评

从生物学角度对人格进行研究，是探索人格奥秘的重要手段。人格的生物学研究方法和途径可分为两类：一是以研究大脑和人格的关系为基础，来建构人格的生理理论；二是以双生子研究为基础，来探索人格的基因问题。本文主要介绍了人格的生物学研究新进展，其中包括泽克曼建立的人格心理生物理论、基因研究的社会学新方向及环境测量中的基因变化等问题     

离子对SPE—HPLC法检测生物检材中的百草枯

目的建立生物检材中百草枯的简便、快速、灵敏、可靠的高效液相色谱分析方法。方法生物检材酶解后,用以十二烷基三甲基溴化铵和十二烷基硫酸钠预处理过的C18固相柱萃取,HPLC/DAD进行分析。结果回收率81%～94%,检出限为1ng·mL-1,线性范围50ng·mL-1～1mg·mL-1,结论此方法适用于中毒生物检材中百草枯的检测。     

运用分子生物学方法鉴定生物检材种属的研究进展

生物检材的种属鉴定在法医、海关和食品行业中均有较多应用。当前,用于鉴定种属的分子生物学方法发展迅猛。本文结合文献,从用于种属鉴定的目的基因及筛选标准、主要分子生物学方法、鉴定存在的主要问题等方面进行综述,并结合Real-time PCR和SNP技术对未来种属鉴定的发展方向进行了预测。     

120例强奸案法医学回顾分析

强奸案的证据通常应具备暴力证据和性交证据,机械性损伤、使用药物和生物检材等是构成暴力证据和性交证据的重要组成部分。由于加害人实施强奸时手段的不同以及个体性行为的差异,损伤的类型、形态、部位及生物检材的种类、遗留部位、遗留客体也会呈现不同特征。如果不仔细地检查和提取,就会使这些物证灭失。本文通过对120例强奸案件的分析,总结了案件中损伤、药物、生物检材的发现、提取和检验的相关信息与技术细节问题,同时结合案情对案件发生的时段、地点、环境、区域、作案手段与方法、嫌疑人和受害人的职业特点等进行了讨论,希望对法医学鉴定工作和民警办理案件有所帮助。     

Genetic identification of biological samples buried in clay soil during summer and winter seasons

The analysis of a biological samples found in crime scenes can be a challenging task. Minute amount of DNA, degraded DNA and the presence of inhibitors in biological samples, can interfere with the achievement of a complete genetic profile.Chelating resin, silica membranes and silica-coated with paramagnetic resin were the techniques used in this study for the isolation and purification of DNA. Our aim was to find out the best DNA extraction method for application in the presence of biological samples buried in clay soil.     

A possible source of reference DNA from archived treated adhesive lifters

During the course of a double murder trial, it became apparent that the two adhesive lifters from the two cadavers had been mislabeled before being presented in court. The question was raised whether DNA testing from the biological material remaining attached to the lifters could resolve this mix-up. In fatal shooting cases where a bullet has been fired through a body surface, an adhesive lifter is applied directly to the entrance wound. The total nitrite residues, as well as biological material surrounding the wound (blood, hair, tissue) are transferred to the adhesive lifter. The nitrite residues are used for estimating firing distance. In a worst-case scenario, the biological material on the lifter may be the only remaining reference material from a victim. In this paper, we examined whether the biological material retrieved from adhesive lifters could be used for DNA typing after the lifters had been treated for GSR pattern. In as much as the biological material found on the lifters can be typed and profiled following physical and chemical treatment, we submit that archived adhesive lifters can be used as a future source of reference DNA from cadavers where no other sample is available.     

The main results of expert activities in the forensic biological departments of the bureau of forensic medical expertise of the Russian Federation for 2009

This paper reports the main results of expert activities in the forensic biological departments of the Bureau of Forensic Medical Expertise of the Russian Federation for 2009. Analysis of expert data is supplemented by the comparison of the efficacy of the methods applied for the purpose of forensic medical studies. The information about the staff composition, material and technical support of the forensic biological departments is presented. A number of drawbacks have been revealed in the work of the forensic biological departments; recommendations are proposed for the improvement of their activities.     

Poisonings by beta-adrenoblockaders]

The review includes data on symptomatology of acute poisoning with beta-adrenoblockers, their distribution in biological material, main pathways of metabolism in human body. Necessity for developing methods of systemic analysis of beta-adrenoblockers in biological material is pointed out.     

ON THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN FAMILY STRUCTURE AND ANTISOCIAL BEHAVIOR: PARENTAL COHABITATION AND BLENDED HOUSEHOLDS*

In the last several decades, the American family has undergone considerable change, with less than half of all adolescents residing with two married biological parents. Using the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997, we construct an elaborate measure of family structure and find considerable heterogeneity in the risk of antisocial and delinquent behavior among groups of youth who reside in what are traditionally dichotomized as intact and nonintact families. In particular, we find that youth in “intact” families differ in important ways depending on whether the two biological parents are married or cohabiting and on whether they have children from a previous relationship. In addition, we find that youth who reside with a single biological parent who cohabits with a nonbiological partner exhibit an unusually high rate of antisocial behavior, especially if the custodial parent is the biological father.