Reviewing the exclusionary principle in English contract law

The exclusionary principle in English contract law is a long established but controversial rule of contractual interpretation. This article considers the jurisprudential origins of the principle and critically analyses judicial justification of the principle. This article also puts forward a case for how the principle can be reformed in order to introduce greater fairness within the process of contractual interpretation.     

Economic impossibility in Turkish contract law from the perspective of law and economics

We argue that the proposed introduction of the doctrine of economic impossibility in Article 137 of the reform draft of the Turkish Code of Obligations is in line with economic considerations and facilitates business transactions. This new rule gives courts the explicit power to terminate a contract and relieve the party, which owes specific performance of its obligation, without imposing any duty to pay expectation damages to the other party. We argue that a court??s decision to terminate a contract under economic impossibility should be based on three tests. First, a low-probability-event occurs between contract formation and performance. Second, this event causes an excessive increase in the costs of specific performance. Third, the concept of an excessive increase should take into due consideration the other party??s interest in specific performance. The reform draft includes explicitly the first two tests, but not the third test. We also show under which conditions an excessive performance difficulty should not lead to termination of the contract but rather to an adjustment of the agreed price. We argue that the rule of economic impossibility, if diligently adjudicated, saves the parties transactions costs in comparison to a rule under which the law insists on specific performance or damage payments. We also argue that a specific rule of economic impossibility leads to better and more business-oriented solutions to the underlying problems than the alternative, which is to solve such problems under the broad and unspecific cover of the ??good faith?? or the ??Clausula Rebus Sic Stantibus?? doctrine.     

从《物权法》角度审视我国的善意取得制度

源于日耳曼法"以手护手"原则的善意取得制度是适应商品经济发展需要而产生的一项交易规则, <中华人民共和国物权法>(以下简称<物权法>)颁布实施以后,善意取得制度在我国又有了新的发展,笔者试从善意取得制度的概念、构成要件和适用范围入手,通过介绍善意取得制度在我国的历史演进,从<物权法>角度审视了我国的善意取得制度,并提出了完善我国善意取得制度的几点建议.     

Autonomy and private ordering in contract law

This essay reviews Michael J. Trebilcock's book,The Limits of Freedom of Contract (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1993), examining crucial and controversial social issues within the rigorous framework of the law and economics of contract. The idea that private markets are the primary institutions for the allocation of limited resources is central to any private ordering model of contract law. Yet such a premise leaves a number of fundamental questions unanswered. Trebilcock is critical of the insufficiency and ambiguity of current contract theory in addressing fundamental legal issues relating to the limits of freedom of contract. Pushing the frontiers of current legal theory, Trebilcock revisits the slippery notion of freedom of contract and tests the actual reach of economic analysis in providing a coherent answer to compelling social questions. The author pursues his ambitious task by examining the conclusions reached by competing paradigms of analysis. In spite of his declared trust in the economic approach to law, Trebilcock pays close attention to alternative analytical traditions, comparing the conclusions of various intellectual perspectives with those suggested by an economic framework of private ordering. The book objectively examines strengths and weaknesses of competing views, affording the reader a balanced position from which to conclude for herself, by illustrating the practical implications of the various approaches. In a number of instances, Trebilcock shows how different theoretical premises may indeed be conducive to similar institutional outcomes.Associate Professor of Law, George Mason University. The support of the Sarah Scaife Foundation and of the John M. Olin Foundation is gratefully acknowledged, as are the helpful comments of Jonathan C. Harris and Charles K. Rowley. Extensive remarks received from Michael J. Trebilcock prior to publication allowed me to remedy earlier omissions.     

论公证诚信的建设

诚信是公证的生命。处于职能弱化的中国公证只有把握住客观、公正的立场,才能发挥其在法律体系中 的作用,才能进一步谋求发展。通过建立失信惩罚机制、提高失信成本,并建立失信赔偿机制、保障守信方的利益来 促进我因公证诚信的建设。     

房屋买卖合同中的陷阱及法律救济

开发商和购房人之间的权利义务关系规定在购房合同中。由开发商单方面提供的格式合同已提前确定了本应由双方协商的合同条款。本文以某房屋买卖合同为例，指出在房屋买卖合同中常见的不公平、不舍法条款，针对房屋买卖合同中的陷阱提出法律救济途径。     

An optional European contract law code: Advantages and disadvantages

Should the EU introduce an Optional European Contract Law Code and what should it look like? By applying economic theories of federalism and regulatory competition (legal federalism), it is shown why an Optional Code would be a very suitable legal instrument within a two-level European System of Contract Laws. By allowing private parties’ choice of law to a certain extent, it can combine the most important advantages of centralisation and decentralisation of competences for legal rules. Through differentiated analyses of three kinds of contract law rules (mandatory substantive rules, mandatory information rules and facilitative law), important conclusions can be reached: which kinds of contract law rules are most suitable to be applied on an optional basis (e.g. facilitative law) and which might be less so (e.g. a core of information regulations). Furthermore a number of additional general conclusions about the design and scope of an Optional EU Code and some conclusions in regard to sales law are derived.     

试论契约自由及其在我国合同法中的地位

毫无疑问,罗马法应该被视为研究契约自由的起点.正是在罗马法中,契约制度首次得到了全面规定并达到了相当的高度.而且,正是罗马法孕育了契约自由的观念和思想.契约自由从思想到原则的转变是在法国民法典中实现的,而人类进入20世纪之后,契约自由逐步受到限制.在我国合同法中,契约自由也得到了确立,它不仅是我国合同法的一项基本原则,而且也是我国合同法的最高原则.     

论行政法上的比例原则

一、问题的提出 近日拜读苏力先生的<送法下乡--中国基层司法制度研究>一书,见其中介绍了一个警察使用枪支的案件,大概的案情是,王某(警察)与派出所其他干警按照上级统一"严打"部署,在午夜上路设卡检查摩托车情况.遇见三位即将毕业的大学生饮酒后驾驶一辆摩托车归来,拒绝停车检查,连闯两道检查线,直冲派出所所长把守的第三道检查线.     

The Chinese new Civil Code and the law of contract

China-EU Law Journal - The purpose of this contribution is to present to the readers the Chinese Civil Code which entered into force the first of January 2021, and to bring to their attention the...     

国家干预在我国劳动合同立法中的体现

劳动合同属于兼有当事人意思自治和国家干预性质的特殊合同.本文探讨了国家干预劳动合同立法的合理性和必要性,阐述了我国在劳动合同立法过程中,国家干预起到了积极的重要作用并具体地体现在了<劳动合同法>中.     

对下午法律保留原则的思考

法律保留是行政法的一个基本原则,是依法行政和建立“法治国家”的基本要求。但该原则在我国行政法领域还没有受到应有的重视,笔者在此对法律保留中“法律”的涵义、产生基础、界定标准、现状及改进的措施问题等作初步探析,以期引起理论界和实践界对该原则的重视。     

试论保险法的基本原则

保险法基本原则的功能在于指导保险法律制度的具体设计,它要与保险活动自身特点相适应.在这个意义上说,保险法的基本原则是保险活动特点的产物.本文意在通过考察保险活动的特点来分析保险法的基本原则.     

论民法的基本原理

我国即将制定民法典,在制定民法典时,应坚持什么样的立法指导思想?即以什么作为民法学体系 所体现的精神?这就要研究什么是民法的基本原理。关于这一点,学术界研究甚少,往往更多的关注具体的民法规范。笔者在此想谈一下自己对“民法的基本原理”这一宏观问题的认识。通过对民法的性质、总则及具体民事制度的分析,说明“意思自治”成为民法基本原理的必然。