试死伤探讨

人体损伤按形成时间的不同可分为生前伤和死后伤.死后在尸体上形成的损伤称为死后伤.     

巨噬细胞在损伤时间推断中的作用

综述了近年来巨噬细胞在损伤时间推断中的法医学作用的研究进展。论述了巨噬细胞源性细胞因子的表达、巨噬细胞表型的变化和巨噬细胞吞噬物的演化等变化与损伤时间的关系,认为巨噬细胞在损伤修复中的特征性变化可作为损伤时间推断的新指标,具有深入研究的必要。     

Bite motivation of sharks reflected by the wound structure on humans

Bite wounds on humans have rarely been comparatively analyzed, and the behavior leading to such bites is virtually unknown. Nevertheless, the behavior of a shark is reflected in the bite structure and should be an essential part of shark-accident analysis. This paper compares 3 nonfatal accidents on humans, caused by bull sharks, Carcharhinus leucas, that occurred within a 12-month period in the same area of the Bahamas. Examination focused on wound analysis and accident reconstruction to determine the most likely bite motivation of the sharks. Two sharks targeted the left calf areas of the victims; another one bit the back area of a person. Although both calf bites had a very similar appearance, examination concluded that one of them showed the same triggering behavior as for the shark who inflicted the very different-looking back bite. Those 2 bites were competitive, whereas the other calf bite was initially of exploratory nature, turning into a stress-related bite.     

The morphology of the gunshot entry wound

The main signs of inlet gunshot wound inflicted from non-close shot distance are the following: central defect of the tissue, presence of abrasion and rub zones along the margins. During experimental study high variability of these signs was stated and new morphologic characteristics of inlet gunshot wound were detected.     

Study on the standard components of digital forensics laboratory

Recently, digital forensics has become increasingly important as it is used by investigation agencies, corporate, and private sector. To supplement the limitations of evidence capacity and be recognized in court, it is essential to establish an environment that ensures the integrity of the entire process ranging from collecting and analyzing to submitting digital evidence to court. In this study, common elements were extracted by comparing and analyzing ISO/IEC 17025, 27001 standards and Interpol and Council of Europe (CoE) guidelines to derive the necessary components for building a digital forensic laboratory. Subsequently, based on 21 digital forensic experts in the field, Delphi survey and verifications were conducted in three rounds. As a result, 40 components from seven areas were derived. The research results are based on the establishment, operation, management, and authentication of a digital forensics laboratory suitable for the domestic environment, with added credibility through collection of the opinions of 21 experts in the field of digital forensics in Korea. This study can be referred to in establishing digital forensic laboratories in national, public, and private digital forensic organizations as well as for employing as competency measurement criteria in courts to evaluate the reliability of the analysis results.     

The informative aspects of the wound surface for determining vitality and wound age in skin cuts

A histological study was carried out on skin cut wounds of guinea pigs at various time intervals during the first day after infliction of the cut. At the same time intervals, blood cells were obtained from the wound surface prints and analyzed cytologically and cytochemically. Histological examination showed that a central and peripheral zone formed in the wound area, demonstrating that necrobiotic and inflammatory processes were even occurring in the early hours after injury. However, changes in the quantitative relationships between individual kinds of cells were much more differentiated cytologically and reflected much more precisely. Functional and structural macrophage and lymphocyte changes in the wound region during inflammation were also revealed. In correlation, cytochemical analysis confirmed the concept concerning the development of the inflammatory process in the wound area, as enzyme-activity changes clearly detectable, which reflected the rapid, energetic, plastic cellular processes on the wound surface. Our combined results suggest that the wound surface is a zone of vital processes, but that it is not a "dead," "necrobiotic" area. The dynamics of the cellular alterations in the wound surface, reflecting the vital processes developing there, can be successfully used when the problem of vitality, especially the time lapse after the skin injury, is to be resolved.     

带消音器枪弹创的实验病理研究

使用国产7．62mm口径微声轻型冲锋枪，以不同距离射击实验动物，制成带消音器枪弹创，并使用国产7．62mm口径轻型冲锋枪作对照进行对比观察。结果表明：在接触和近距离射击时，带消音器枪弹刻与典型枪弹剑比较有明显不同；根据消音器的结构和原理，结合实验结果，建立了带消音器枪弹创的形态学特征及其诊断依据。为法医学检验鉴定提供了实验性资料。     

创缘周围血管生成在皮肤损伤时间推断中的应用

皮肤损伤时间推断一直以来都是法医病理学者所需解决的重要问题,免疫组织化学技术具有方便、敏感的特性,它的应用大大提高了皮肤损伤时间推断研究的发展。然而,有效指标的缺乏却限制了免疫组织化学技术的应用。血管生成在皮肤损伤愈合过程中发挥着非常重要的作用,因此,血管生成相关因子可能在皮肤损伤时间推断方面具有重要价值。     

Suicide by self-inflicted stab wound of the chest

A case is presented in which a 44-year-old man stabbed himself in the heart with a kitchen knife, then changed his bloody clothes, and ate lunch with his aunt, who did not notice the event. After 2 h he died of cardiac tamponade.     

皮肤切创愈合中caspase-3表达的免疫组化研究

目的探讨皮肤切创损伤愈合过程中,caspase-3在损伤区内的表达以及不同损伤时间caspase-3的变化规律。方法应用免疫组织化学技术对33例不同损伤时间小鼠皮肤切创组织中caspase-3的表达进行研究。同时以3例非切创小鼠皮肤组织做对照。结果伤后6h的损伤皮肤组织中可见少量中性粒细胞表达caspase-3,伤后12～24h,大部分浸润的中性粒细胞及部分单核细胞为caspase-3阳性。随伤后时间延长,caspase-3阳性细胞以单核细胞及成纤维细胞为主。伤后0～3h,caspase-3阳性细胞比率较低,为(4.53±6.53)%,12h后逐渐增加,伤后3d达高峰,为(62.66±4.84)%,其后逐渐下降。结论小鼠皮肤损伤愈合过程中,caspase-3可能在诱导损伤区内中性粒细胞、单核巨噬细胞及成纤维细胞发生凋亡过程中发挥重要作用,同时,caspase-3的规律性表达可用于损伤时间的推断。     

小鼠皮肤切创细胞因子的基因表达变化及其与损伤时间关系

目的 观察细胞因子在小鼠皮肤切创组织不同时间的基因表达变化及其与损伤时间的关系。方法用免疫组织化学染色法和RT-PCR法,检测小鼠皮肤切创组织中不同时间的白细胞介素-1α和-1β(IL-1α、-1βB),以及单核细胞趋化蛋白-1(MCP-1)、吞噬细胞炎性蛋白-1α和-2(MIP-1α、-2)的基因表达变化。结果 皮肤切创后在早期可诱导IL-1α和IL-1β的基因表达,6h达第一次高峰,24h下降,第3d再次出现高峰后,第6d下降至正常水平;而MCP-1、MIP-1α和MIP-2则在损伤后6h左右开始出现,3d达高峰,然后呈下降趋势。在这些被检因子中,以IL-1α、IL-1β、MIP-1α和MIP-2的变化幅度较大,而MCP-1的变化相对较小。结论 切创组织中IL-1α、-1β和MCP-1,以及MIP-1α、-2的基因表达随伤后不同时间呈现一定规律性变化;同时对同一组织多种细胞因子检查推测损伤时间完全可行。     

切创后细胞自噬及炎症因子的表达与损伤时间的关系

目的观察小鼠皮肤切创后不同时间细胞自噬与炎症细胞因子的变化,同时探讨这些变化与损伤时间之间的关系。方法采用RT-PCR及West-blot方法检测小鼠皮肤切创组织在不同时间Beclin-1、LC-3、IL-1α、IL-1β、MCP-1的基因表达及蛋白表达。结果皮肤切创后早期IL-1α、IL-1β基因的表达及蛋白表达水平有所升高,12小时达到最高值,而后呈下降的趋势;MCP-1的表达在损伤后6h开始升高,48h达到最高值,72h有所下降,而Beclin-1、LC3基因及蛋白表达在组织损伤后6h开始升高,24h到达到最高值而后下降。结论小鼠皮肤组织切创后细胞自噬的启动及自噬的最高值明显晚于炎性细胞因子的启动及炎症因子表达的最高值,实验发现当细胞自噬水平达到最高时,炎症因子的水平则开始表现为下降的趋势。这可能是随着切创组织中炎症因子释放的增多激活了细胞的自噬,而当自噬水平达到一定的程度又抑制过度的炎症反应。自噬与炎症因子的表达随着小鼠皮肤创面损伤后不同时间呈现出一定的变化规律,这为组织损伤后损伤的时间推断提供一定的参考。