The Nature of Mass Murder and Autogenic Massacre

Incidents of mass murder have gained considerable media attention, but are not well understood in behavioral sciences. Current definitions are weak, and may include politically or ideological motivated phenomenon. Our current understanding of the phenomenon indicates these incidents are not peculiar to only western cultures, and appear to be increasing. Methods most prominently used include firearms by males who have experienced challenging setbacks in important social, familial and vocational domains. There often appears to be important autogenic components (Mullen Behavioral Sciences and the Law (22)3, 2004), including dysthymic reactions and similar antecedents. There have been observations of possible seasonal variations in mass murders, but research to date is inadequate to establish this relationship. It is recommended behavioral sciences and mental health researchers increase research efforts on understanding mass killings, as the current socioeconomic climate may increase vulnerability to this phenomenon, and the incidents are not well understood despite their notoriety.     

核准追诉制度实务问题研究

核准追诉制度根源于追诉时效制度。追诉时效制度是世界各国刑法普遍规定的一项制度,是现代国家对刑事追诉权的自我约束和限制。近年来,我国每年都有一些超过20年追诉时效期限的刑事案件提请最高人民检察院核准追诉。由于法律规定得比较宏观原则,且学界对此研究不多,核准追诉案件办理过程中存在不少困惑和问题。笔者就这些问题做了一些初步的归纳和分析研究,希望对司法实务有所裨益,以期推进核准追诉制度的科学化。     

南京大屠杀遇难人口的构成——以南京市常住人口为中心

在南京大屠杀期间,侵华日军在南京城乡地区进行了大规模的屠杀.南京大屠杀刚结束,金陵大学美国社会学教授史密斯以社会救济为主要目的对南京及周边县城进行了十分广泛的社会调查;战后国民政府为了调查战争损失和东京与南京法庭的战犯审判进行了专题调查.两次调查结果显示:在南京市常住人口中,97%以上遇难者是平民,男性遇难者比例远远高于女性.其中乡区女性遇害比例则高于城区.遇难者中80%-90%是20至60岁的青壮年,而在乡区60岁以上老人死亡比例超过了20%.随着大量第一手资料的不断整理出版,将会极大地推动南京大屠杀研究的深入.     

Peacekeepers Facilitating Human Rights Violations: The Liability of the Dutch State in the Mothers of Srebrenica Cases

This article provides a critical reading of the judgments of The Hague District Court and especially The Hague Court of Appeal in the case of Mothers of Srebrenica v. the State of the Netherlands, which concerned the liability in tort of the Dutch State for facilitating the massacre of Bosnian Muslims in 1995. It engages with the courts’ considerations regarding the attribution of conduct to the State in UN peacekeeping operations, the extraterritorial application of human rights treaties, the State obligation to prevent genocide, and the State’s liability for damages. While not fully agreeing with the courts’ argumentation, the author concludes that the judgments contribute to the refinement of the law and practice of State responsibility in respect of wrongful acts committed in complex multinational peace operations.

     

对战后南京大屠杀案审判的再认识

在战后国内对日本战犯审判的案件中,南京大屠杀案有着特别重要的意义.从总体上来看,国防部审判战犯军事法庭对南京大屠杀案的审判是符合正义要求的,维护了国家利益和民族尊严.但是,国民政府主导下的这一审判也存在许多不足,如审判具有的政治色彩影响了审判本身的法律意义;审判只注重着眼于国内的影响,对是否对加害国日本产生影响则甚少考虑;审判只是一味地强调宽大政策,不注重对战犯的教育和改造等.再加上抗战胜利后不久内战爆发,时局混乱,国民政府希望尽快结束审判.这些都在很大程度上制约了南京审判的实际效果.     

新生代电影导演的新青春叙事

新生代电影导演在创作青春电影之时,与第六代电影导演的青春叙事呈现出继承、改写与新变的关系,是一种新青春叙事。具体表现为:以纠结于青春的西西弗斯为对象,在继承对残酷青春状态的摹写中呈现假定性失忆和替代性转移的新气质;以悬而未决的仪式抵抗为故事情节内核,通过回答怎么做?,对第六代导演反复探讨的为什么?问题进行一定程度的回应和改写;受商业语境、大众文化以及国际交流等因素的影响,这种叙事呈现出资本符号化、喜剧性表达和跨地域书写等时代特征,具有新变意味。     

新诗叙事艺术概观

新诗的叙事语言是“大白话”,并向着两个方向提升：一种是艾青式的“现代散美”,另一种是李季式的“民间歌谣美”。新诗的叙事方式主要有三种：故事型、散型、情节暗寓型。新诗的叙事结构更加灵活多变,其关键性的突破在一个“大”字上,几乎想写多大就能多大。     

Lessons from Srebrenica: the contributions and limitations of physical anthropology in identifying victims of war crimes

In July 1995, the town of Srebrenica fell to Bosnian-Serb forces, leaving more than 7000 Muslim men missing and presumed dead. Anthropologists participating in the identification process were faced with a unique problem: the victims appeared identical. All were adult males of a single ethnic group. Decomposition as well as the absence of antemortem (AM) medical and dental records confounded identification. As of December 1999, only 63 men had been positively identified using DNA, personal effects, and identification papers. Are current anthropological methods of sex, age, and stature estimation and AM trauma assessment sufficiently accurate to differentiate the remaining victims and aid in their identification? Comparisons of relative-reported AM information and postmortem examination records for 59 of the 63 identified individuals indicated that while all individuals were sexed correctly, only 42.4% were accurately aged and 29.4% had a stature estimate that included their reported height.     

论台湾新电影中的“底层叙述”

生活在社会底层的小人物是台湾新电影最为重要的关注对象.侧重于小人物情绪感受的抒发而不强调情节的戏剧化,使新电影呈现出散文化特征,对小人物的精神困境予以关爱的人文精神和将小人物与大时代相结合的历史视野,又使台湾新电影具有了诗意情怀和史诗风格,这些便是台湾新电影"底层叙述"最为突出的特征.     

枪击惨案:触动美国枪支管制的脆弱神经

令人感到无比心碎的一阵枪声美国当地时间2012年12月14日上午,康涅狄格州纽顿镇桑迪·胡克小学内的600多名学生与像往常一样在校园内上课、学习。突然,20岁的枪手亚当·兰扎身穿黑色外套与防弹背心,携带手枪、突击步枪等四种武器闯入了学校,对着两个教室内的师生疯狂     

唐代叙事诗繁荣之原因

唐代叙事诗之所以取得了引人注目的成就,是由多种因素共同促成的。其中包括社会生活的影响,化思潮的影响,学流派的相互影响,学样式的相互影响,唐前叙事学的影响等。本试图从各种因素的交互作用中,清理出时代“事变”之于诗歌“叙事”,崇实尚俗学思潮之于唐叙事诗,唐代传奇、散、讲唱学之于叙事诗等几个问题,以探究叙事诗于唐代得以繁茂的原因。     

论孙中山的法治思想

本文从法学和历史学的双重视角,对孙中山的法治思想进行考述与透析,法治是被作为与人治相对立的治国方略,内含追求巩固国本、完善政治等价值,它是法律得以完全实施的保障,其中枢机关是国会;民权是法治的基本条件,法治是民权的有力保障,二者的共同敌人是封建专制;法律与权力之间是"体"与"用"的关系;此外,司法独立和律师自由,也是孙中山追求的理想社会目标。     

如何解读东京审判对南京大屠杀遇难人数的认定

50多年来,我国学术界部分学者认为,东京审判的《判决书》对南京大屠杀遇难人数虽作出了"20万人以上"的总体估计,但连同文件中所称被毁尸灭迹者及其他因素,对中国法庭关于"30万人以上"的判定本质认可或并不排斥.2005年出版的《南京大屠杀史料集·东京审判》对《判决书》作了新译,进一步明确了其认定人数,连同毁尸灭迹的数字为"超过20万".因此,学术界有必要实事求是地重新解读东京审判的判词.对《判决书》判定屠杀人数作出新的解读,并不影响我们对南京大屠杀死难人数继续坚持既往的认识与判断,也并不影响对东京审判的总体评价;但是,不宜再过份强调东京法庭与南京法庭在判定南京大屠杀遇难人数上的一致性,应当如实地承认这两者之间事实上存在的差别.     

后现代叙事文本的三大特征——从塞林格的《麦田里的守望者》谈起

美国作家塞林格发表于 1 95 1年的代表作《麦田里的守望者》在语言形式、叙述视角、叙述方式等方面体现了后现代叙事文本的三大特征 :他用“低俗”的语言消融了高雅文化与通俗文化的界限 ;从独特的青少年的视角来观察世界 ,打破了权力话语和传统的美学观念 ;以非人格化叙述的“无言”搁置了真理和终极意义。塞林格的创作极大地影响了二十世纪下半期西方后现代文学创作的发展 ,是后现代叙事文本的经典之作     

从南京大屠杀的发生看日军的战略时机选择——以日方思虑为中心的考察

西安事变和平解决后,日本感于以抗日为主要诉求的中国国家整合取得了成效,有可能导致其侵略利益丧失,因而发动全面侵华战争.在日本看来,南京是当时中国抗日的中心,不占领南京,"推翻"国民政府,就不能"膺惩"中国,于是扩大战争到南京.最终,日军把暴行作为战略手段,企图以此来压服中国,南京大屠杀由此发生.     

后现代叙事文本的三大特征－－从塞林格的《麦田里的守望者》谈起

美国作家塞林格发表于1951年的代表作《麦田里的守望》在语言形式、叙述视角、叙述方式等方面体现了后现代叙事本的三大特征：他用“低俗”的语言消融了高雅化与通俗化的界限;从独特的青少年的视角来观察世界,打破了权力话语和美学观念;以非人格化叙述的“无言”搁置了真理和终极意义。塞林格的创作极大地影响了二十世纪下半期西方后现代学创作的发展,是后现代叙事本的经典之作。     

The management and supervision of Approved Social Workers: Aspects of law,policy and practice

This article reports on the first extensive survey of Approved Social Worker (ASW) activity in Northern Ireland. It begins with a review of literature that identifies the complexity of legal and professional functions expected of ASWs, in the context of mental health legislation in the UK. Findings include high levels of perceived competence reported by practitioners, but diversity in the management of the service, and some problems in multi-disciplinary working. The emergency, out-of-hours duty teams in which many ASWs were employed appeared to vary in organization and operation. Service users and carers were generally dissatisfied with the responses to crisis services and appealed for adequately funded community supports. At a time when the review of the Mental Health (England and Wales) Act, 1983, is taking place, the authors suggest that ASWs can still perform an important statutory role, on condition that there is a more consistent approach to training, re-approval and funding of community-based services.     

论《三国演义》赤壁之战的叙事节奏

节奏是作品内在的旋律.赤壁之战的节奏包括三个部分:一是言语与语言.赤壁之战的语言可分为叙述性言语和人物言语.这两个部分不但创造了赤壁之战的艺术审美情境,而且还?构 起到提升<三国演义>艺术质量的作用.二是时间与空间.作者用八回的篇幅写赤壁之战,将短时间内发生的事情拉长,多层面地强调空间在故事中的作用,形成了独特的时空节奏.三是情节与非情节.情节与非情节作为赤壁之战的叙事节奏,不但决定了故事的发展速度,而且创造了独特的审美情境.