美国削减国防开支的战略影响

随着伊拉克战争结束,阿富汗战争进入尾声,美国开始逐步削减其“9·11”事件后迅速增长的军费开支。过去三年,美国国防部已推出两轮削减计划。2009年,时任国防部长盖茨取消了20种武器系统的研发计划,并推迟了一些重要武器的升级换代计划,预计共节省3000多亿美元。2010年,盖茨再次推出一个五年节省780亿美元的裁军计划,主要通过裁减国防部文职人员等方式实现。     

俄罗斯国家安全战略

П.Г.别洛夫是俄联邦国家杜马安全委员会专家组的成员,他在《俄罗斯国家安全和地缘政治》杂志2005年第3—4期上发表了《俄罗斯应该有什么样的国家安全战略》的文章。这是作者为俄联邦国家安全会议正在制定的俄罗斯国家安全战略提供咨询的一篇文章。作者不仅对俄罗斯现行的和未来的国家安全战略提出了自己的看法,还从哲学的高度分析了制定国家安全战略的方法论,对我们研究、建立国家安全的理论体系有一定的启发意义。     

石油战略与中国安全

作为一种重要的战略资源,石油不是单纯的经济问题,它直接关系到一个国家的经济和军事安全,因此石油安全自然也是国家安全的重要组成部分。石油安全的目标就是要确保能够获得与其国家经济发展相适应的足够能源、防止因能源短缺或意外突发事件而出现的危险。     

外交战略与国家安全

自古以来,外交战略的制定和实施,就与一国的兴衰安危密切相关。高明的外交战略往往会弥补一国实力的不足,使国家利益最大化;而低劣的外交战略不仅无助于国家利益的实现,反而会危及一国的安全。当然,由于国家大小不同、强弱有别,其外交战略的选择也不相同。     

理解中国的安全战略

本文对中国的安全考虑作了一个确定的解读。首先,作者对中国的安全行为进行了简单的历史回顾,然后对中国目前安全战略的本质作一个概括;文章重点探讨了中国安全战略的理念基础以及中国对地区和世界安全事务的基本思想,并讨论了世界对中国应该或不应该期望些什么。最后,文章还讨论了中国现行的安全战略面临的挑战和可能的演变。     

中国海洋安全战略研究

为维护海洋安全,中国需要制定国家海洋安全战略。而海洋安全战略是国家海洋发展战略的重要组成部分,所以应符合其目标。同时,中国特别应合理处理引发海洋安全的海洋问题,使其对我国和平发展进程及国家统一大业的影响或威胁降低到最低限度。海洋问题的管控直接关系到我国由区域性海洋大国向世界性海洋大国的转型,也关系到国家核心利益的维护。为此,进一步明确和完善我国的海洋政策及法律制度,就显得尤为重要和迫切。     

国家安全：中国对外安全战略的核心

中国对外关系越来越受到国内因素的影响和制约，因而也日益受到各方面的关注。外交是内政的延续，在面临各种安全挑战时，中国政府强调稳定是大局，研究中国对外关系的学者称之为中国外交的内向性。中国外交与内政关系从没有像现在这样明显和复杂，但国家（state）安全始终是中国对外安全战略的核心。     

欧盟经济安全战略及其影响

欧盟出于降低战略依赖、增强经济竞争力等经济关切,以及应对地缘政治格局骤变冲击、回应内部呼声凝聚共识等政治考量,于2023年发布首份经济安全战略文件《欧洲经济安全战略》,梳理欧盟经济面临的风险,提出应对路径和行动计划。《欧洲经济安全战略》具有全面性、进攻性、保守性和灵活性等特点,该战略实施以来,也面临财政资源限制、成员国分歧、企业界不满等多重障碍。该战略反映了欧盟对其所处国际格局、地区形势及所面临严峻挑战的新认知和因应,将对欧盟内部、中欧关系以及世界经济等产生深刻影响,也给世界带来更多变数。     

论新加坡与东盟关系——一个小国的地区战略实践

国家与"地区"之间的关系是一个互动的历史过程。主权国家对"地区"的认知及其地区战略与内外环境的变迁密切关联,不同的国家基于不同的国家特性而对"地区"有不同的反应。本文在概括新加坡与东盟关系之历史演进的基础上,试图从小国特性的理论视角探讨作为小国的新加坡其地区战略变化的内在根源及其表现形式。以脆弱性为基本特征的国家特性决定了新加坡对地区化进程的基本战略取向,进而影响着其与地区的关系式样。新加坡的地区战略实践是一个小国成功的地区合作模式:地区发展与国家发展形成了良性互动的态势。其战略理念值得其他国家,尤其是小国借鉴。     

对加强和完善国防后备力量法规建设的几点思考

我国从中央到地方形成了国防后备力量法规的全面建设。现有的国防后备力量法律规范操作性不强、现有的国防后备力量法规建设具有滞后性和配套法律规范不健全是现行国防后备力量法规建设的不足,需要对此进行完善。     

冷战后美国亚太安全战略调整的中国变量

上世纪90年代中期以来,美国依据其实力的发展和国际形势的变化,对亚太安全战略进行了一系列重大调整.尽管美国亚太政策调整的背景复杂、目标多重,但其中的中国因素无疑十分明显,对中国的发展尤其是对中国安全环境的影响也是直接的.     

Killing the Third World: civilisational security as US grand strategy

Abstract

This article disputes explanations of American expansionism that are based on the requirements of national security or more abstract theories such as the balance of power. In contradistinction to the imperatives of defence and survival, the article shows how civilisational factors weighed heavily on the emergence of US grand strategy at the turn of the nineteenth century. In particular assumptions about the peoples of the Third World being lesser played an important role in the conception and legitimation of imperial expansion. During this period, the US Navy went through a dramatic build-up. The article shows the ways in which the worldviews of many of the key players (such as Alfred Mahan and Theodore Roosevelt) contributed to the militarisation of global racism, a development that led to widespread killing in the Philippines and elsewhere.     

Energy security and Russia’s gas strategy: The symbiotic relationship between the state and firms

The way how Russia ignores the EU’s quest for liberalization and sustains a control over markets and supplies is directly related to her use of gas as leverage. Russia’s strategy affects many European and non-European countries during all stages: demand, supply and transit. It is not, however, possible to generalize a common statement that the EU’s position is based on a policy of market liberalization while Russia pursues an opposing strategy of increased state control. Russian energy strategy leads markets in Europe; sets tone for energy supplies at homeland and abroad, benefiting from a variety of means. This article shows how a symbiotic relationship between the Russian state and Russian energy companies emerge from a structure in which trade, markets and international politics have been embedded within the state interests and firm behavior. It identifies the economic and geopolitical trends with regard to recent developments of Russia’s strategy.     

The European Union and its energy security challenges: engagement through and with networks

Energy security remains a vital issue for the European Union (EU), even more so in the wake of the events that unfolded in early 2014 in Ukraine. The EU's already fragile position in the international energy arena in terms of security of supply appears to be more uncertain than ever after its umpteenth fallout with its historic energy supplier, Russia. This situation is untenable and calls for swift and decisive action to adequately tackle the issue once and for all. The article looks at the creation of a single EU energy market through the integration of energy networks in the EU. This article then examines various ways to diversify its energy supply, whether through increasing the import of liquefied natural gas or through its relations with the Eurasian Union. It then explores the International Energy Charter as an example of the EU's engagement with transnational policy networks. It concludes that from energy transit, to technology transfer, to investment protection, energy and trade present interplays across various fields. Improvements can be made to the EU trading system to ensure greater energy security and more efficient energy markets.     

Meritocracy and the Singapore Political System

The separation of implementation from policy has been diffused as ‘agencification’ around the world. It is considered an organisational reform based on new public management (NPM). The semi-autonomous public organisations executing policy are set up and are given a greater flexibility in operations in exchange for strengthening accountability for results. The central government of Japan also adopted the organisational reform in which agencies were called independent administrative institutions (IAIs). The reform intends not only to make the public service more transparent but to improve efficiency and quality of services through separating the implementing functions from the policy units, ministries and departments. It is assumed that flexibility in operations and result orientation would improve organisational performance through a feedback instrument of evaluating results into the budget other than an incentive mechanism. This article investigates whether the intended objectives have been accomplished. The specific focus is on the impacts on the budgetary system in terms of performance. The analysis shows that in Japanese agencies, ex-post performance information has not been fed into the budget process. Also the actual outcomes are explained by an incremental funding system, technical problems in measurement of results (performance measurement) and bureaucratic motivation through adopting a principal agent model.     

Terrorism and national security

The surge in mass casualty terror attacks during the first decade of the 21st century presented a special challenge for health organizations. Unique types of injury resulting from these Mass Casualty Events called for special capabilities to restore the balance between immediate demands and scarce resources. Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), to both victims and healthcare providers and first responders required extra knowledge and early intervention. All these and the concerns of the possibilities of non-conventional weapons terror attacks, led to the defining of “Terror Medicine”, a new medical field. This field evolves the medical macro management of terror attacks, the focused clinical management of the specific injuries and coping with the aftermath consequences. The scope of Terror Medicine is: Prevention, Preparedness, Response and Recovery. The evolution and trends of Terror Medicine is discussed in this article.     

Aviation security and terrorism

Abstract

The author asserts that a sophisticated sabotage threat to U.S. international civil aviation has been well known to the U.S. government and air carriers since the early 1980s. He believes that both the U.S. government and air carriers have failed to do enough to counter this sabotage threat. He cites the findings of the President's Commission on Aviation Security and Terrorism (May 1990), and the enactment of the Aviation Security Improvement Act (Nov. 1990) to support his beliefs. The author concludes by providing a recipe for corrective action.     

新加坡与马来西亚的水供之争

水供问题的来龙去脉及主要分歧 新加坡是个弹丸岛国,面积仅600多平方公里,且地形很低,河川多短而水流不急。因沉降的下流宽广,海潮倒流,故河水多不能饮用。岛上虽然多雨,但蒸发也快,所以昔日居民多凿井取水。新加坡水资源总量6亿立方米,人均水资源量仅211立方米,排名世界倒数第二。     

美国:大选后的全球战略

目前美国大选已进入最后冲刺阶段,双方旗鼓相当,不分上下,鹿死谁手不久便可见分晓.新政府上台后,将依惯例重新审议和调整全球战略和对外政策.因此,有必要及早对两党的全球战略进行深入研究,以准确把握美今后的全球战略走向.笔者认为,无论布什抑或克里赢得今年大选,新政府都会从美国家利益和面临的主要威胁出发,继续奉行如下"反恐谋霸"的全球战略.