The Caribbean Carretera: Race, Space and Social Liminality in Costa Rica

A single highway connects the Caribbean province of Limón to mainstream society in the highlands of Costa Rica. This paper explores the ways in which that highway affects the status hierarchy of mainstream society in Costa Rica, and how the construction of whiteness as an unexamined racial qualifier for total social incorporation constrains the perception of blacks as social liminars and blackness as a state of communitas. The argument elaborates the work of Victor Turner on ritual liminality to suggest the structural ambiguity of Afro-Latin Americans in the context of Costa Rica.     

Sustainable Development Goals and Japan's Official Development Assistance Policy: Human Security,National Interest,and a More Proactive Contribution to Peace

Substantial progress toward achieving the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) was made, but unsolved issues remain. The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) succeeded the MDGs in 2015. In Japan the concept of “Human Security” has been incorporated into its foreign policy since the 1990s and is explicitly stated as the basic concept of Japan's Development Cooperation Charter issued in 2015. Also included in the Charter is Japan's “Proactive Contribution to Peace” policy and national interest, both of which are closely related to the concept of Human Security.

Although not specifically identified in the SDGs, Human Security was described by the UN General Assembly as “the right of people to live in freedom and dignity, free from poverty and despair” in a 2012 resolution. Japan's long-term commitment to Human Security and experience in health and education are two areas in which the country has contributed internationally and which can be put to good use in formulating policies and programs to achieve the SDG targets.     

浅析马来西亚的农村发展政策与战略

农村的发展在马来西亚经济以及社会、政治的发展中都占有很重要的地位.马来西亚农村的基本特点包括贫困率高、生产率低、缺乏最基本的经济和社会福利设施以及市场不发达等.马来西亚农村经济是以农业为基础的,所以以农村改革为主的马来西亚农村发展政策一直都是农村经济结构转型和消除农村贫困的主要政策工具.自独立以来马来西亚的农村发展取得了很大的成就,但是农村贫困问题以及部门之间和部门内部的发展不平衡问题仍然比较突出.因此,到今天农村的发展依然是马来西亚经济发展的重要内容.     

Educational Policy and Political Development in Africa

This article is an abridged version of a lecture given on the28th November at a combined meeting with the Royal Empire Society,Lord Hailey being in the Chair. Mr. Hussey has been Directorof Education in Uganda and Nigeria, and Educational Adviserto the Emperor of Ethiopia. He is now working for the BritishCouncil.     

马来西亚农村社会政策及其特点

马来西亚的农村社会政策主要包括为农民生产提供支持服务、保障农民基本生活需求、提高农民文化素质和生产能力这三个方面的内容,并呈现出如下特点:农村社会政策与经济发展政策融为一体,在生产发展中实现社会目标;注重农民人口素质和能力的培养与提高,直接的现金济贫措施有限;政府在提供农村公共服务中起主要作用,同时鼓励其他社会力量参与其中.     

Ideological Conflict and Refugee Aid Policy Development in Munich

In an era when managing the impact of unregulated migration is of growing worldwide concern, I ask why the city of Munich expanded social aid to enhance refugee living conditions and integration opportunities despite broader trends to do the opposite. I find that city policymakers were driven by a locally dominant humanitarian paradigm, which was opposed by a security paradigm favoured by the Bavarian government. Research on ideas and policy often focuses on how taken-for-granted ideas limit policy development. An analysis of city-level refugee policy suggests that ideological conflict strengthens the clarity and salience of ideas, which can increase their impact on policymaking. Ideological conflict between paradigms made it harder for city policymakers to support policies that were not consistent with the humanitarian paradigm.     

印度"东向"政策的发展及意义

印度"东向"政策始于冷战结束国际体系经历重大震荡的时期,经过十数年的实施,随着印度力量的发展,已然进入"第二阶段",即在与东南亚恢复和建立合作的平台上,跳出严重限制印度战略选择的次大陆政治局限,向亚太地区扩散,从而使"东向"政策具有更明显的地缘政治与战略选择的导向."东向"政策泛义化与印度追求的全球大国目标密切相关.这对包括中国在内的亚太地区大国显然有着重要的政策意义.     

Social Development in the Gezira Scheme

Mr. Beer is Social Development Officer of the Sudan Gesira Scheme.He gave the address which follows at a joint meeting of theRoyal African and Royal Empire Societies on July 22. He wasintroduced by Mr. Arthur Gaitskell, C.M.G., who presided.     

东南亚国家的城市化:原因与可持续发展

东南亚国家在过去的几十年间城市化速度发展较快,促成城市化的原因既有历史原因,也有二战后实行的工业化政策,移民的因素。但东南亚国家在城市化过程中面临的问题是人口和经济活动过分集中在大城市,影响到了东南亚国家城市的可持续发展。为解决这个问题,东南亚国家政府制订了适当的城市化政策,综合开发落后地区,实行人口和工业分散化指施,但实施效果不佳。东南亚国家大城市的非集中化在今后将面临严峻的挑战。     

结构现实主义外交政策理论的构建与拓展——兼论对理解中国外交政策的启示

基于当下外交政策研究领域所呈现出的理论有效供给不足的局面,国际关系理论界围绕外交政策能否建立简约系统的理论以及结构现实主义外交政策理论是否可行展开了争论。本文对既有争论进行了回顾和梳理,剖析了结构现实主义外交政策理论的必要性与可行性。在此基础上,深入评估了进攻性现实主义、防御性现实主义与新古典现实主义等现实主义理论分支在外交政策理论探索中的进展与不足。同时,本文对结构现实主义外交政策理论的拓展进行了尝试,试图开拓出更加纯粹、有力的理论发展路径,完善结构现实主义外交政策理论的解释力。最后,运用结构现实主义外交政策理论剖析了中国外交存在的规律性现象,并剖析了其在未来外交政策构建中可能得到的体现与拓展。     

China's Economic and Social Development and the International Scene

China's phenomenal economic growth had a tremendous impact on the international scene, in terms of both China's international behavior and the state of the international system. China has become a welcomed presence in the international community in many ways. However, there are also consequences of growth that cause international concern: the rapid growth of its military capability without accompanying improvements in transparency, strengthened ties with problem states caused by growing domestic energy demands, and possible diversion of domestic discontents abroad that might be intensified by growing nationalism. In terms of the international system, the most notable is China's expanding presence in the surrounding region, but it is not leading to a China-centered region because of other important concurrent developments. The growing relationship between China and another rapidly rising power, India, and the US involvement with both countries are leading to the formation of a new triangular relationship in Asia.     

Peasant,Patriot, Environmentalist: Sustainable Development Discourse in Havana

Private urban agricultural ventures, initially a spontaneous response to food shortages during the Special Period, soon became a state‐sponsored project, related to global notions of sustainability. This article explores the relationship between sustainability discourse and its local dimensions to reveal the role of sustainability in the reformulation of the Revolution. Urban gardeners engage with international discourses of sustainability and interact with the Cuban state's articulation of these discourses. While this process forces urban gardeners to adapt to the changing meanings of growing food, it also provides a different language through which gardeners define themselves, especially in the context of a changing relationship with the state.     

Information and Values in Popular Protests: Costa Rica in 2000

The mass demonstrations in Costa Rica in 2000 opposing a government initiative to deregulate the electricity and telecommunications markets point to the importance of the paths of communication between the people and government leaders to understand mass political mobilisation. This article explains the surprising reaction of the Costa Rican public by focusing on the unwillingness or inability of the policy-makers to articulate their position in a way acceptable to the citizenry, leaving public space under the dominant influence of social organisations that opposed the initiative.     

经济增长阶段论与美国对外开发援助政策

20世纪50年代,美国著名经济史学家沃尔特·罗斯托(Walt Whiteman Rostow)提出了拥有全球视野、深受自由主义传统与帝国主义理论影响的经济增长阶段论,并试图促使美国实施向欠发达国家提供大规模开发援助的世界经济计划(World Economic Plan).在推动这一计划的过程中,罗斯托的经济增长阶段论得到了约翰·肯尼迪总统的赏识,因此成为1960年代美国对外开发援助政策的理论基础.然而,最终罗斯托既没有达到追求真理的学术目标,也没有实现推动第三世界国家走向起飞(take off)的政治抱负.本文重在探讨经济增长阶段论(Stages of Economic Growth)的主要内容、意识形态内涵及其影响,从而揭示如罗斯托这样亦官亦学的理论家在推动政策制订和实施方面面临的困境.     

日本海岛资源开发与生态保护的政策及启示

海洋在一国中具有重要的战略地位,而海岛作为海洋的主要组成部分,是海陆兼备的国土,蕴藏着巨大的自然资源、生态资源、经济价值和政治意义。日本是传统的岛国,依靠岛屿而生,因此非常重视海岛资源的开发和保护。从1970年颁布的《日本离岛振兴法》开始,海岛的管理就上升为日本国家法典。日本在海岛开发和保护方面的一些经验值得他国借鉴。     

东南亚华人家族企业可持续成长的路径选择

本文从公司治理的角度简单地描述了东南亚华人家族企业的成长历程 ,对其有效性、合理性和可持续性进行了比较细致地分析。在此基础上 ,本文比较客观地评价了东南亚华人家族企业 ,并对我国家族企业的可持续成长提出了一点建议。     

The Final Frontiers of Healthcare Universalisation in Costa Rica and Panama

This article explains how Costa Rica and Panama, two Central American countries with nearly universal public healthcare programmes, have come to enjoy such broad coverage. It then describes the distinct paths each is taking towards reaching the populations still left out of healthcare coverage. Costa Rica is seeking to bring all residents under the umbrella of its ILO‐style social security plan. Panama is targeting the rural poor with a package of defined interventions aimed at maternal and child mortality. The article frames these cases within the literature on the varieties of universalism.