The court of justice of the European community and the politics of institutional reform

Two prominent jurists recently proposed a reform of the European Court of Justice that aims at adapting it to the gradual fédéralisation of the Community (European political union) and particularly to the extension of majority voting in the Community council. Their judicial proposal would, however, generally reinforce the contemporary tendency of the Court to defend all legislative initiatives of the Community. This account presents several alternative reforms that could better respond to the political need for an impartial arbiter for conflicting interpretations of Community competences. Debate on the political role of the European Court of Justice and on its reform must be considerably broadened.     

The maturing of development administration

This article traces the evolution of the concepts underlying development administration since its origin as a distinct subdiscipline in the early 1960s. It relates the main thrusts in development administration to changing theories and approaches to economic and social development, especially the appropriate functions of the state, the implications of modernization, and the capabilities of people outside the modern core in urban centres. Seven major themes have emerged during the past decade. Their acceptance among academics and practitioners has produced a more sophisticated, realistic and useful appreciation of the relationships of public administration to development. Though this bodes well for the future, an unsolved problem is the continuing intellectual hegemony of Western concepts and practices, despite an impressive number of highly trained Third World scholars and well-established Third World institutions operating in this field. There is evidence that the ongoing search for effective indigenous management practices will greatly enrich development administration as a field of inquiry and of practice.     

非营利组织志愿者的管理与开发

志愿者是现实社会生活中重要的社会资源,也是非营利组织中最具特色的人力资源。随着非营利组织的发展壮大,志愿者在中国社会中的价值越来越明显。但由于各种原因,非营利组织志愿者管理问题日益突出,成为非营利组织可持续发展的难题之一。因此,加强对非营利组织的志愿者管理与开发研究,不仅具有理论价值,更具有极强的现实意义。     

Bureaucracy,organization culture and development

The first part of the paper discusses the concept of organizational culture and highlights its value as an aid to understanding the way organizations work. Using four basic models of organization culture (power, role, task and person) the paper then goes on to describe a questionnaire survey of cultures in development organizations. The questionnaire required two sets of responses: firstly an indication of preferred organization culture and secondly the respondents' perception of the way their organization actually works. Whilst the vast majority of respondents prefer task-orientated cultures, most actually perceive themselves to be operating in a role culture (bureaucracy), whilst a large minority perceives a power (political) culture. These results demonstrate an inherent tension in many people's working lives. They also indicate the necessity of taking into account the political environment of work when designing training courses; few organizations appear to operate in the rational way upon which many development techniques and practices are posited. In the final part of the paper there is discussion of the need to make a modification to the basic cultural models in order to make them particularly relevant to developing countries.     

法院遭遇暴力袭击和人犯逃脱事件透析

暴力袭击法院和人犯从法院逃脱事件的发生根源于歹徒和入犯欠缺法律意识、法院警备力量薄弱和运转过程中存在弊端、相关行为法律责任追究不力等三方面因素。笔者据此提出了解决上述问题的对策：第一,大力加强法制宣传教育工作;第二,进一步加强法院警备力量配置;第三,对暴力袭击法院和人犯从法庭脱逃所涉罪名设定较重的刑罚;第四,严格追究违法犯罪者的法律责任;第五,法院应严格依法办案,做到公平、公正、文明。     

Manpower planning and development in an organization

Manpower planning has in the past relied too much on the forecasting of manpower requirements in an organization or a society. It should be more concerned with gaining a better understanding of people, and how to develop and match their skills to what organizations or societies require. Employees should be involved in the formulation of manpower policy objectives. Manpower planning involves a ‘stocktaking’ of the workforce and its skills; forecasting the future demand and supply of skills; and diagnostic approach so that adjustments can be made to meet organizational and/or country objectives. The essence of the diagnostic approach is in the understanding of the reasons for any imbalance between the supply of and demand for manpower.     

Decentralization: The latest fashion in development administration?

There has been a resurgence of interest in decentralization, but decentralization is now somewhat differently conceived from the way it was in the 1960s. With somewhat different objectives, decentralization also take different forms and this calls into question the value of the well established categories of devolution and deconcentration.     

Policy reform and rural development assistance in Tanzania

Tanzania for a long time refused to reform its economic policies along the lines recommended by the World Bank and IMF. Eventually the foreign exchange crisis forced the government to make the changes advocated by its own pragmatic economists and the Western donor community. The reforms were necessary, but not a panacea for all the problems which had plagued rural development programmes over the past decade. Three big problems still face basic-needs programmes: the government administration has very little capacity to manage or back up programmes; neither the national nor district governments can afford them; and rural residents have not compensated for either of these deficiencies through their own participation and contributions. This article looks at two basic-needs programmes in the rural water supply sector to illustrate how these long-standing problems continue to affect implementation. Both programmes are funded and implemented by donors. The conclusion is that donors have not been sufficiently self-conscious and innovative in grappling with the more intractable problems facing rural programme assistance in Tanzania.     

The constitutional court in Italian politics

The Italian constitutional court was established as an extra‐political guardian of the constitution, but it has assumed an important role in policy‐making which is far removed from its original, intended functions. This article describes the political background to its development and analyses the variety of ways in which the court has to take decisions of considerable political sensitivity with increasing frequency. The court is most in the public eye when it carries out its functions in the referendum procedures, but its involvement is more continuous, more creative and more positive than this might suggest. The article concludes that the court has to take action in areas for which it lacks the proper instruments, and that us relationship with other institutions in the policy‐making process is worthy of more attention than such relationships often receive.     

以改革创新精神加强高校基层党组织建设

胡锦涛在十七大报告中指出:"世情、国情、党情的发展变化,决定了以改革创新精神加强党的建设既十分重要又十分紧迫"[1].本文紧密结合高等学校党务工作的实际,重点探讨了以改革创新精神加强高校基层党组织建设的必要性和具体途径.     

The administration of development in emergent nations. The problems in the Caribbean

The conduct of development administration in Commonwealth Caribbean countries is hindered by weaknesses in government, and, on the basis of many years experience, Dr. Hope points to four approaches to reform which are currently favoured. Changing the nature of political leadership; reasserting the importance of an independent instrumental administration through greater attention to manpower planning, training and staff development; similarly extending the scope of administrative action by achieving a decentralization of authority from political ministers to local professional administators acting with the public; and participatory democracy with a reduced role for professional administration are four approaches with parallels in other parts of the world. The author points, however, to distinctive features in the Caribbean and argues that the small size of the states creates particular problems and challenges.     

领导制度改革与当代中国政治发展

当代中国政治发展正面临着政治整合弱化、利益结构多元化、政治腐败和全球化的多重挑战。以领导制度改革为突破口,推进当代中国政治发展已经成为一项关键性任务。文章提出了我国党的领导制度改革的几点设想：建立对党的权力运作的监督、制约机制;完善领导干部的培训制度;在干部人事制度中引入竞争机制;党的权力运作实现法治化等。     

改革开放以来中国共产党党内监督的几个发展阶段

党内监督主要是指党为保证人民赋予的权力能规范化运行,依照党纪党法及国家的宪法和法律在党员之间、党组织之间、党员和党组织之间通过评价、揭露、纠偏等方式开展的民主的监察和督促活动。在开展党内监督的过程中,把各级领导机关和领导干部,特别是各级领导班子主要负责人作为监督的重点对象,是健全和完善党内监督机制的关键所在。     

宪政视角下的中国公共行政发展

由于现代国家制度建设尚有待完善,我国公共行政学界在追踪西方学术前沿,致力于进行管理主义和政策主义公共行政研究的同时,有必要继续重视并阐发宪政主义公共行政理论。如果我们立足于从宪政视角完善有限政府的制度框架,公共行政发展将会收到事半功倍的效果;如果一味地依赖于管理主义或政策主义公共行政理论,则会事倍功半、欲速则不达。就宪政视角的公共行政规范看,中国有必要加速推进有限政府、法治政府、分权政府、诚信政府和透明政府的制度建设。     

The cycle of reform

He is the author of, among other books, A Better Worldand Feminism in America,both published by Transaction.     

论西方发展行政学的演进与新发展

发展行政学是西方社会科学中年轻的学科之一.发展行政学是公共行政学学科发展和分化特别是在比较公共行政学研究基础上成长起来的.她经历了形成、衰落和复兴几个阶段.发展行政学与理论、现实的紧密结合是其学科发展的生长点.发展是永恒的主题,发展行政学的兴起是必然的.尽管如此,发展行政学在全球化视野下,挑战和机遇并存.