司法公正与法官精英化

法官素质对于司法公正意义重大。只有高素质的法官审判案件，司法公正才有了基本的保障。而长期以来我国在选任法官时片面强调政治素质，导致法官业务紊质不高，这是我国目前许多地方存在司法不公的一个重要原因。…….     

以法律职业的共同精神规范法官与律师的关系，维护司法公正

在推进依法治国的历史进程中,中央领导同志十分重视政法队伍建设,最近,对于进一步加强律师队伍建设,又作出了重要的批示。这既是对律师队伍建设的要求,也是对整个政法队伍建设的期望,更是落实依法治国基本方略、建设社会主义法治国家的基础性要求。人民法院坚决拥护中央领导同志的这些重要批示,并将认真学习和贯彻落实。 一、对法官、检察官、律师提出统一的职业标准,是建设社会主义法治国家的一项基础工程 统一司法考试制度的建立,标志着法律职业的统一踏上了一个新的台阶。根据统一的法律职业要求,法官和律师都应当以法律作为基本的行为准则,依法履行各自的职责。在这个统一的法律职业中,法官、检察官、律师,分别行使不同的职     

Exploring the relationship between sentencing and the legitimacy of trial justice

This paper argues that recent sustained criticism of judicial sentencing in England and Wales reflects a much deeper malaise afflicting the legitimacy of punishment in the late post-modern era. It suggests that this phenomenon not only threatens the liberal-consensus view of the judiciary as pivotal to the rule of law, but also undermines the rationality which underpins conventional paradigms of criminal justice more generally. The paper goes on to argue that there are important lessons to be learned from engaging with the debates about punishment and sentencing which are taking place on the international stage, suggesting that the crisis in domestic sentencing is really symptomatic of a more fundamental crisis in penal legitimacy affecting the whole of civil society; one that touches upon the role of punishment in the governance of so-called democratic states. The paper concludes that the time may have come to modify the predominant neo-liberal paradigm prevalent in western democracies by developing notions of punishment and sentencing as relational contexts which provide meaningful links between trial outcomes and aspirations for justice.     

The relationship between street children and the justice system in Egypt

This article examines the relationship between street children and the justice system in Egypt. After introducing the context of street children in the Egyptian case, it explores whether the justice system exacerbates the problem of street children and whether its potential to play a positive part in alleviating the problem should be revisited. The article then explores the basis for the negative perspective on the role of the justice system and the steps required to improve its role in solving the problem of the increasing number of street children. It concludes with a three-pronged approach for the Egyptian justice system to adopt to effectively address the problem of street children. The article is based on an existing knowledge base that is scattered in small-sample empirical studies, large-scale surveys, United Nations reports, newspapers, and a few academic articles written in both English and Arabic.     

Domestic violence and criminal justice training needs of social services workers

Domestic violence is a multifaceted problem that requires various agencies to work together to serve victims. Among other agencies that are involved in this collaborative effort, criminal justice officials must work with social services workers to ensure that cases are handled effectively. At the root of this collaborative effort, it is natural to question whether various parties have the knowledge needed to effectively respond to specific cases of domestic violence. In this study, attention was given to whether social workers possessed enough knowledge about various aspects of domestic violence, including information required to process domestic violence cases in the criminal justice system. In all, 186 social services worker supervisors in the Commonwealth of Virginia were asked to rate the level of knowledge they believed social services workers had regarding specific domestic violence topics with the level of knowledge workers they believed social workers needed regarding each domestic violence topic. Findings suggested that social services workers might have more problems dealing with the interpersonal nature of domestic violence cases than they do with the legal issues. At the same time, the supervisors suggested the workers knew less about specific legal options than they needed to know. Based on this, the authors suggest changes in training for all human services workers, including criminal justice officials and social workers.     

恢复性司法的价值与理念——报应性司法和恢复性司法比较研究

犯罪包含着犯罪人与受害方，犯罪人与社会及其国家之间的衔突。报应性司法采用形而上的哲学方法分析犯罪原因，认为犯罪是犯罪人自由选择的结果，犯罪所侵害的主要是国家的统治秩序，因此，在“以怨报怨”观念支配下，主张犯罪人承担刑罚这样的抽象责任。恢复性司法以实证的方法研究犯罪，认为犯罪是社区关系失调的产物，犯罪侵害的不仅是国家利益，还包括被害人利益和社区利益，因此，在“以直报怨”观念支配下，主张犯罪人要面对受害方承担道歉、赔偿等具体责任。     

The impact of differential information between lay participants and professional judges on deliberative decision-making

The authors investigate the effects of information differentials among judicial panel members on group decision-making. Professional judges are exposed to pre-trial information, including inadmissible evidence and testimony. Lay participants, on the other hand, are only allowed to view and evaluate evidence presented in trials, thereby forming a knowledge gap in regards to evidentiary information and materials. In order to examine the effect of these information gaps on deliberative processes and trial outcomes, a total of 24 civic participants were randomly assigned to three-person groups and deliberated on two fictitious criminal cases. The scenarios that the participants received prior to deliberation varied in the amount of information given. The deliberations were both video-recorded and transcribed. Analysis of the deliberations showed that both shared knowledge among members and unshared knowledge held by the member to whom had been given more information appeared more salient during the deliberative process.Our study suggests that lay participants may be at a disadvantage during deliberation not only because of their lower social influence but also due to their lack of evidentiary information for a given trial.     

采用自主研发似然比率计算器进行ITO亲缘关系分析

目的探讨采用自主研发的似然比率计算器进行ITO法亲缘关系鉴定的可行性。方法针对GoldeneyeTMDNA ID System 20A系统的19个常染色体STR基因座分型数据,使用自主研发的似然比率计算器,人工模拟100 000对无关个体及100 000个家系的父子、同胞、半同胞、一、二代堂表兄弟,应用ITO法,自动分析计算亲权指数（PI）和亲缘关系概率（RCP）。结果父子和无关个体关系概率界值下无重叠,具有显著差异。同胞关系概率大于99.99%时,同胞占66.48%,无关个体占0%,具有显著差异;概率小于99.99%时,同胞个体和无关个体有部分重叠,具有一定差异。半同胞关系概率大于99.99%时,半同胞占1.52%,无关个体占0%,具有显著差异;概率小于99.99%时,两组有部分重叠,具有一定差异。一、二代堂表兄弟关系概率为10%～90%范围内时,无关个体分别占90%,99.98%,无法推断。结论本文方法可用于推断父子关系、同胞关系、半同胞关系。     

颅脑损伤与人格障碍的关系研究

目的 为探讨颅脑损伤与人格改变的相互关系,特别是颅脑损伤的严重程度与人格改变的严重程度是否平行,为颅脑损伤的法医学鉴定提供科学依据。方法 对１９７例颅脑损伤鉴定案例及住院病例进行了分析,并对其中伴有人格改变的案例的颅脑损伤严重程度和人格改变的严重程度的相关性和其他影响因素进行分析。结果 １９７例颅脑损伤中有１６２例出现人格改变,占８２．３％;其中在１１３例中的重度颅脑损伤案例中,有９８例伴有人格改     

读者与图书馆关系的法律适用分析

读者行使使用图书资料权时与图书馆结成的关系是管理与被管理、教育与被教育的关系。图书馆行使的管理权、教育权 是行政管理权,而不是民事权利。图书馆与读者的关系不是平等的民事法律关系,不是消费法所调整的法律关系。     

颅脑损伤与人格障碍的关系研究

目的　为探讨颅脑损伤与人格改变的相互关系 ,特别是颅脑损伤的严重程度与人格改变的严重程度是否平行 ,为颅脑损伤的法医学鉴定提供科学依据。方法　对 1 97例颅脑损伤鉴定案例及住院病例进行分析 ,并对其中伴有人格改变的案例的颅脑损伤严重程度和人格改变的严重程度的相关性和其他影响因素进行分析。结果　 1 97例颅脑损伤中有 1 6 2例出现人格改变 ,占 82 3% ;其中在 1 1 3例中的重度颅脑损伤案例中 ,有 98例伴有人格改变 ,占 86 7% ;其中衰弱型人格改变与攻击型人格改变之比为 6 3:35 ;在 84例轻微颅脑损伤病例中 ,有 6 4例伴有人格改变 ,占 76 2 % ,衰弱型与攻击型之比为 4 0 :2 4 ;2 3例女性患者有 1 7例出现人格改变 ,衰弱型与攻击型之比为 1 3:4。结论　颅脑损伤的严重程度与人格改变的严重程度无相关性 ,轻微颅脑损伤所引起的严重攻击型人格改变是法医精神病学鉴定中的特殊课题     

Analysis and application of relationship between post-braking-distance and throw distance in vehicle-pedestrian accident reconstruction

Through theoretical analysis and introduction of some empirical parameters, the relationship between post-braking-distance and throw distance was studied concentratedly. Here, the post-braking-distance is the distance a vehicle will travel from the impact position to when it comes to a complete stop. Two useful formulas which are meaningful in vehicle-pedestrian accident reconstruction were finally obtained. The first one can be used to calculate impact speed according to throw distance, while the other one can describe the relationship between post-braking-distance and throw distance. Their feasibility has been validated by comparing with other scholars' empirical formulas and simulation results of software Pc-Crash, respectively. The relationship between post-braking-distance and throw distance has very bright application perspective in vehicle-pedestrian accident reconstruction such as helping policemen obtain more useful evidences, validating credibility of the throw distance, judging whether the vehicle is fully braked or not, determining the impact position etc. Finally its application was demonstrated by three cases, in which the impact speed was also calculated. All results until now have shown that conclusions obtained in this article are feasible and helpful in vehicle-pedestrian accident reconstruction.     

两个已知全同胞参与的同胞鉴定分析

目的采用家系重建法进行两个已知全同胞参与的同胞鉴定分析。方法根据似然比的概念建立两个已知全同胞参与的全同胞鉴定和半同胞鉴定的假设检验,按照孟德尔遗传规律进行家系重建,推导两个已知全同胞参与鉴定的全同胞指数(FSI)和半同胞指数(HSI))的计算公式,并通过实际案件进行验证。结果推算得到59种两个已知全同胞参与鉴定的三个体基因分型组合的FSI计算公式及91种HSI计算公式,实际案例的应用显示与两个体同胞鉴定相比,亲缘关系指数显著提高。结论本研究推导的两个已知全同胞参与的同胞鉴定分析方法能充分利用可参考样本的遗传信息,提高亲缘鉴定的检测效能,具有很好的实用价值。     

On the meaning and measurement of output and efficiency in the provision of urban police services

Most proposals for changing the organization of police serving metropolitan areas are presented without any evidence concerning the effectiveness of differently organized police departments in serving urban areas. Assertions are simply made that large scale police departments are more effective and more efficient. This paper attempts first to define the concepts of output and efficiency for police agencies. Secondly, it attempts to develop some potential measures of output and efficiency which could be used in evaluating the comparative output and efficiency of differently organized police departments serving metropolitan areas. A simplified scheme is presented which divides police activities into four types and discusses the problems of measurement for each type. The problems of measuring output and efficiency become more and more difficult as one moves from the first through the fourth type of police activity. While extensive difficulties are present in any attempt to measure the output and efficiency of police agencies, such efforts must be undertaken in order to evaluate the success of past reforms and to be able to predict future successes or failures with higher degrees of accuracy. Without serious attempts to evaluate the consequences of reform, future changes may produce more harm than good.     

中国人四肢长骨骨性标志间各段长度与总长关系的分析

利用碎裂的长骨片段 ,计算长骨的总长。选择中国人长骨 5 0 0余例 ,取其骨性标志分段测量记录 ,将测得的数据输入计算机 ,用社会科学软件包 (SPSS)中全回归法进行统计学处理。在得出的 33个多元回归方程中 ,方程1、 9、 18、 2 6证明了骨性标志间各段长度与总长的正相关关系 ,其余 2 9个方程是在有选择的略去 1个变量和因长骨近端、远端或两端缺损使 1个或 1个以上变量缺失的情况下得出。根据碎裂长骨片段骨性标志间的长度测量值 ,应用多元回归方程 ,可计算出长骨的总长