论被害人救助语境下的保辜制度

保辜制度是我国古代一项旨在追究加害人的刑事责任、保护被害人权益,进而整合社会关系的法律制度。在立法设计上,保辜制度通过要求加害人救治被害人进行自助换刑,以实现被害救助的功能。纵观保辜制度的产生、发展以及沿用,被害救助是历代保辜制度的价值选择,为了实现被害救助功能,保辜制度在实体规则方面创造性地实现救助义务与刑事责任的衡平,并在司法实践中为保辜制度创设了运作程序。尽管保辜制度含有许多不合理的成分,但其蕴含的被害救助功能,对于现代被害救助制度的构建具有借鉴意义,现代刑事法律制度可以吸收保辜制度的被害救助功能。     

论刑事被害人的心理损害及其援助

刑事被害人的心理损害是被害人心理学的一个重要研究课题,但由于受到当前以预防犯罪为主的刑事政策的影响,这一课题一直没有得到应有的重视。刑事被害人心理损害有明确的范围,分析研究其产生形成的原因和表现症状,在此基础上,提出制定相应的被害人援助方案。     

流动人口刑事被害人及被害预防

流动人口构成犯罪被害的高危群体,因此对其进行积极有效的被害预防将对整个社会的犯罪预防和治安状况的好转起到非常重要的作用。从被害人角度看待流动人口在刑事案件中所处的角色从发,结合被害人学的相关理论和流动人口被害的实证统计,分析流动人口被害原因包括社会原因、环境原因和个人原因的基础上,这样的被害预防对策可能更有效。     

三次被害理论视野下我国被害人研究之反思

我国被害人研究侧重在刑事司法领域对被害人的角色进行定位和对被害人的权利进行扩充。但是从西方被害人学研究的视角上审视,这种研究相对狭隘,且存在一定的内部混乱。从作为被害人研究基础的三次被害和被害化理论出发,则可以准确地为我国被害人在刑事诉讼中的角色进行定位,并且能有效揭示我国刑事诉讼制度进一步保护被害人权利的角度和措施。     

论刑事被害人救助工作

刑事被害人救助制度是指在被害人或其近亲属因犯罪行为所遭受的损失通过其他法律途径不能得到赔偿或充分赔偿时,国家对其进行适当补偿的制度。在人权观念、权利话语不断深入人心的今天,这一制度所表现出的人道关怀和保护正常社会秩序的功能已得到充分肯定,不过相比于西方国家较完善的制度,我国的刑事被害人救助仍是一项需要不断探索的工作。     

论建立刑事被害人国家救助制度

在我国现行的司法实践中,犯罪者由于自身经济困难而没有赔偿能力的或者被判刑甚至被执行死刑,致使刑事被害人无法获得赔偿,或者赔偿无法得到充分兑现的现象较为普遍。本文通过分析在我国建立刑事被害人救助制度的必要性和可行性,提出了建立刑事被害人救助制度的具体设想,以最大程度地救济刑事被害人的生活困境和保护他们的正当权益,维护社会的和谐和稳定。     

论保辜制度的“被害救助”功能之现代迁移

保辜制度是我国法制史上的一项创举,其要求伤害行为人对被害人进行积极救治,以救治的效果作为量刑标准。通过对保辜制的“被害救助”功能的分析,在现有的附带民事诉讼存在明显滞后以及伤情鉴定遭受应用质疑的情形下探究承接被害功能的实体框架与程序选择,迁移其被害救助的功能以促进我国被害救助制度的完善。     

被害人的特征论

不论是在刑事实践中,还是在刑事理论中,人们都是将注意力集中在犯罪人的身上,总是在讨论犯罪人在生理、心理或其他方面的特征,来寻求犯罪人的犯罪动因,却往往忽视了另一个重要的当事人——被害人,忽视了被害人在“犯罪——被害”这一互动过程中所起的作用。针对这个问题,归纳出被害人的一些本质特征,而这些本质特征在一定程度上影响着甚至是左右着犯罪的发生。     

刑事被害人救助立法主要问题及其评析

刑事被害人救助立法早就列入全国人大立法规划,但许多问题还未解决.根据我国现实情况,国家专门制定一部单行的"刑事被害人救助法"是目前比较理想的选择.救助对象应限于个体被害人的生命和身体健康法益,包括直接被害人和间接被害人、实体被害人和程序被害人.同时,立法应区分实体被害人和程序被害人,分别规定救助的积极条件;分国家不予支付救助金和国家减少支付救助金或不予支付一部分救助金两种情形,分别规定救助的消极条件.救助资金的筹集坚持政府主导、社会广泛参与模式,但救助标准的制定和救助数额的确定应体现救助的抚慰性、救济性和保障性特征.此外,还要适当借鉴韩国、日本等做法,进一步完善救助程序.     

刑事被害人救助地方立法之比较——兼论刑事被害人国家救助制度的建立

为了解决因犯罪行为给刑事被害人造成的特殊困难,我国一些地方开展了刑事被害人救助工作,并且取得了较好的社会效果。2009年3月,中央八部委出台规定,要求各地根据自身情况制定被害人救助的具体实施办法,开展具体救助工作。无锡节、宁夏回族自治区和包头市人大常委会都制定了相应地方条例,通过对它们的比较分析,发现存在以下局限:与其他救助衔接方式不明,救助条件过于严苛,权利主体混乱,权利告知义务缺失和标准不确定。针对这些局限提出对建立刑事被害人国家救助制度的建议:明确与其他救助结合方式,协调相互关系;关注犯罪危害结果,给予有需要的被害人切实帮助;确定救助性质,弄清权利主体;规定告知义务,方便权利主体行使权利;与审查机关所在地经济发展水平相适应,保证救助标准的确定性。     

Understanding the Role of Repeat Victims in the Production of Annual US Victimization Rates

Victimization incidence rates produced from the National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) are a generally accepted annual indicator of the amount and type of crime in the United States. However, persons who report a large number of similar victimizations—known as series victimizations in the NCVS—are currently excluded in government reports of annual violent victimizations. This paper quantifies the effect of series incident counting procedures on national estimates of violent victimization. The findings suggest that these high-volume repeat victims can have a significant impact on the magnitude and distribution of violent victimization. Current government counting rules that exclude series incidents do not include about three out of every five violent victimizations and distorts the characterization and risk of violence in the United States. However, the inclusion of series incidents introduces significant estimate instability. One remedy is to use prevalence rates in concert with incidence rates to present a more complete and reliable picture of victimization.

被害性与被害预防

被害预防是犯罪预防的重要一环,被害预防应该从被害性分析着手。被害性即指人身上所存在的足以导致犯罪侵害的一切特性,它与犯罪心理紧密相关。从犯罪人犯罪前的心理状态分析,犯罪人选择作案对象有一定规律,这种规律决定了被害性。被害人就其有无过错可分为两类,不同的类型具有不同的被害性,被害预防应从一般预防和特殊预防进行。     

刑事被害人国家救助制度刍议

刑事被害人国家救助制度的建立,标志着我国刑事司法的重点从单纯的被告人权利保障的同时也注意到对被害人合法权益的同等保护,而这也是刑法社会保护价值诉求的具体直接体现,也是和谐社会刑事政策的必然要求,为真正创立一个体现公平、效率、秩序的和谐刑事司法环境奠定了坚实的基础。     

论我国限制出境的司法救济

限制出境,是世界上多数国家为保护国家安全、预防和打击犯罪、维护社会管理秩序,通过立法建立的对本国公民或居住在本国的外国人的出境权予以限制的一项制度。在我国,主动型的限制出境是行政处罚,被动型的限制出境是行政强制措施。在被动型的限制出境中,由于前阶段参与机关的参与行为具备直接对外的法律效力,当事人若有不服,应该针对该参与机关提起诉讼,由该参与机关承担相应的法律责任。     

论诉讼契约的效力

诉讼契约需具备一定的要件方可生效。生效之诉讼契约对于当事人和法院都具有一定的约束力。法定诉讼契约对于诉讼程序产生直接效力,而非法定诉讼契约仅有间接效力,尚需义务人实施后续诉讼行为方可对诉讼程序产生一定的效力。基于当事人诉讼上之抗辩,对于诉讼性质诉讼契约之违反,法院依照双方约定的有关程序继续进行或者对双方约定的诉讼行为直接予以认可;对于私法性质诉讼契约之违反,法院在审查双方关于实体部分的合意是否合理履行基础上判定该违反行为是否有效。     

论“涉众型”经济犯罪被害人经济权利救济的困境及出路

办理"涉众型"经济犯罪案件的重点和难点在于如何最大限度地为被害人挽回经济损失。对"涉众型"经济犯罪被害人经济权利进行救济,须重构防范与保全结合型的财产控制机制、建构特殊类型案件民事救济程序独立于刑事诉讼程序的运行机制、建立健全长效机制破解民事赔偿判决执行难、构建恢复性司法理念指导下的被害人救济三元刑事诉讼模式、建立"涉众型"经济犯罪被害人国家救助制度。     

贯彻司法为民彰显人文关怀——关于刑事被害人救助制度若干问题研究

现代刑事被害人国家救助制度源于英国,是体现司法人文关怀的一项重要措施。在我国,现代意义上的刑事被害人救助制度肇始2004年,2009正式建立。随着实践的发展,司法实务部门和理论界对刑事被害人救助制度的研究也不断深入,取得了不少可喜的成果,对一些重大问题的认识也渐趋统一,但对我国刑事被害人救助制度究竟应当如何定位,也就是说我国刑事被害人救助制度的法律属性是什么,还需要进一步明确。作为一项新生事物,我国经济、社会发展的实际情况决定了刑事被害人救助制度在我国的发展必然是一个渐进的过程,短期内不可能期望该制度全面解决刑事被害人所面临的各种困难,因此必须要将刑事被害人救助制度与现行的其他制度结合起来,形成一整套刑事被害人保障机制。     

Part-time Jobs,Delinquency and Victimization Among Finnish Adolescents

Among lay people as well as among scholars it is sometimes assumed that adolescent work deters juvenile delinquency. In contrast, existing research suggests that there is a positive association between adolescent parttime work and delinquency. This study assesses this claim and examines in a nationally representative sample of 15-16-yearold Finnish adolescents ( n = 4347), the association between work during the school year and self-reported delinquency and victimization, and explore whether the possible associations are general or based on some subcategory of delinquent behaThere viour/victimization. The results of multivariate analyses indicate that intensive weekly working is significantly positively associated with delinquent behaviour. When gender, disposable allowances and various factors suggested by control, strain and differential association theories were controlled for, intensive work (10 hours or more remained a significant predictor of the following types of delinquency: beating up someone, driving without licence, buying stolen goods, vandalism at school and drunken driving. Intensive workers' likelihood of committing these acts were about two to per week) three times as high as nonworkers' likelihood of committing such acts. Intensive work was related to victimization only in bivariate models, suggesting that the work-victimization association does not reflect direct causation. In conclusion, intensive work appears to increase delinquent activity slightly. Although we do not argue that work is a major cause of delinquency in adolescence, we suggest caution against encouraging intensive work during the school year.     

Factors Associated with Domestic Violence and Sexual Assault Victimization

This study explored factors associated with a lifetime history of domestic violence and sexual assault in a sample of welfare recipients in Illinois. Results indicate that childhood exposure to domestic violence is a risk factor for both sexual assault and domestic violence victimization, but that childhood physical abuse is only a risk factor for domestic violence. Increased education and employment skills and having more children were also risk factors for domestic violence victimization. Domestic violence was significantly associated with depression, while sexual assault was associated with low social support and a greater perceived need for mental health services. Frequent alcohol and drug use were not associated with either type of victimization. Research implications are discussed.     

Secondary Victimization of Crime Victims by Criminal Proceedings

It is conceivable that criminal proceedings cause psychological harm to the crime victims involved, that is, cause secondary victimization. To investigate this hypothesis, negative and positive effects of criminal proceedings were investigated, as perceived by 137 victims of violent crimes who were involved in trials several years previously. Trial outcome and procedure variables were measured as potential causes of secondary victimization. Results show a high proportion of victims reporting overall negative effects. Powerful predictors were outcome satisfaction and procedural justice, but not subjective punishment severity, interactional justice, and psychological stress by criminal proceedings. The practical implications of the results pertain to whether victims should be advised to report the crime to the police or not, and to appropriate prevention and intervention measures of secondary victimization by criminal proceedings.