未成年人犯罪记录封存问题研究简

《瑞士联邦刑法典》第96条第4款规定：“被附条件执行刑罚的少年在考验期届满前经受住考验的．审判机关命令注销犯罪记录。”     

走出上级命令违法的困境——市财政局局长披诉案探析

各国通说认为,上级命令违法,公务员有不服从的义务,但我国公务员惩戒救济途径的不完善影响了该制度运作的可行性。因此,为使得公务员在面临服从上级命令义务与遵守法律义务相冲突这个两难选择时,有从这个困境中走出来的理性途径,需要理性地建构一个解决冲突的制度———公务员执行上级为刑法所禁止的命令时,责任自负;此外,如果命令采取书面形式下达,公务员应予执行,其责任由上级承担。     

依命令之职务行为正当化研究

职务行为 ,指公务人员根据法律行使职权或履行职责的行为。既包括基于法律的直接规定所实施的行为 ,也包括基于上级的职务命令所实施的行为。本文针对学术界对依命令之职务行为正当化的根据和标准进行评介 ,并在此基础上提出依命令之职务行为正当化标准 ,应具备命令来源的特定性、命令形式合法性、执行主体合法性、主观善意、执行行为客观合法以及目的与手段的相应性等六个方面的要件。     

论军人执行违法命令行为的刑事责任

军人执行违法命令造成法益侵害是否要承担刑事责任是一个颇具争议的问题。我国确定军人执行违法命令行为的刑事责任应采用命令不明显违法标准,即军人执行命令侵害法益不承担刑事责任,命令明显违法的除外。     

未成年人犯罪记录封存问题研究

正《瑞士联邦刑法典》第96条第4款规定:"被附条件执行刑罚的少年在考验期届满前经受住考验的,审判机关命令注销犯罪记录。"《日本少年法》第60条规定:"少年犯刑期执行完毕或免予执行,适用有关人格法律的规定,在将来得视为未受过刑罚处分。"《联合国少年司法最低限度标准规则》(又称《北京规则》)第21条规定:"少年罪犯的档案不得在其后的     

民事执行检察监督方式研究

理论界对于检察机关可以使用哪些民事执行监督方式争议较大,大致涉及到抗诉、检察建议、检察意见、纠正违法通知书、现场执行监督、提起异议之诉、要求说明理由、对消极执行行为的命令追加调查和自行补充调查、执行和解、立案查处执行人员职务犯罪等十种民事执行监督方式。然而在民事执行中可以采取的只有抗诉、检察建议、纠正违法通知、要求说明理由及对消极执行行为的命令追加调查和自行补充调查等五种检察监督方式。     

论公务员对违法命令的不服从

在我国行政管理中 ,下级公务员执行上级违法命令的现象决非个别。公务员有权不服从上级违法命令的合理性基础是 :公务员对上级的服从是职务的服从而非身分的服从 ;具有适当限制的不服从是稳定宪法制度的需要 ;执行违法命令违背公民担任公职的初衷 ;公务员独立健全的判断是正确执行命令的需要。借鉴国外的相关立法 ,应从不服从的原则、范围、法律责任和保障等方面建立我国公务员对违法命令的不服从制度。     

中级法院不应委托基层法院执行死刑

长期以来，中级人民法院在接到最高人民法院或高级人民法院的执行死刑命令后，不具体组织实施将罪犯交付执行死刑，而是将此项工作再委托罪犯羁押地的基层人民法院执行。笔者认为，这种做法是错误的。首先，该做法违背了有关程序法的规定。最高人民法院《关于执行〈中华人民共和国刑事诉讼法〉若干问题的解释》第三百四十一条规定：“最高人民法院和高级人民法院的执行死刑命令，均应由高级人民法院交付原审人民法院执行，原审人民法院接到执行死刑命令后，应当７日内执行。”这一司法解释明确规定执行死刑工作应当由高级人民法院执行，而死…     

试论公务员的抵抗权

公务员抵抗权除了在我国的部门法律中有零散的规定外,在《公务员法》第54条中也有集中体。现该法条相对于该法草案中的"不得对抗"上级命令来说,其法治意义是重大的。但是,如果当命令与法律发生冲突时,公务员究竟执行命令还是执行法律从具体案例出发来解读《公务员法》第五十四条,那么,该法条的实施便有其现实的困局。因此,本文指出需要分析造成我国公务员在命令与法律冲突时对上级命令说"不"难的原因,从而制定保障公务员说"不"的权利的制度对策。     

论公务员的抵制权

《公务员法》第54条规定公务员在执行上级的决定或者命令时,可以提出意见或者不服从,确立了公务员的抵制权,并从而建立了执行异议制度和不服从制度。这对于保护公务员合法权益来说具有重要的意义。但是其规定的这两种制度还存在着一定的局限性。     

试论病历书写者的法律责任和应对措施

病历是司法程序中的重要书证已毋需怀疑,作为病历书写者也就自然成了书证的最主要的作者,而书证是审判过程中的重要证据之一,这体现了病历书写质量与法律的最基本的相关性和重要性。而临床上部分病历书写者没有充分认识到病历的法律重要性,以致随意涂改、伪造查房记录、主观编造体征、故意歪曲事实、遗留重要病情等现象时有发生,严重影响了病历的真实性和严肃性。因此加强法制教育、提高自身素质、严格遵守标准、实施科学管理、院科及个人抓好病历质量控制是保证病历质量的重要措施。     

以太网网络接口卡MAC永久地址与MAC当前地址的检验方法综述

本文综述了检验以太网网络接口卡MAC永久地址和MAC当前地址的方法,针对不同的检验客体提出了可行的检验方法。并提出了MAC在先检验的发展方向。     

Predicting presence of offender's criminal record from antisocial lifestyle indicators of homicide victims

The aim of the present study is to explore the possibility of predicting the presence of a criminal record in the background of a homicide offender on the basis of victim characteristics. Eight victim characteristics, as well as the presence or absence of offender criminal record and offender violent criminal record, were coded for 502 Finnish homicides. A configural frequency analysis (CFA) showed that it was possible to predict the presence of a criminal record on the basis of the victim variables. The practical significance of the results for police investigations is discussed.     

How to overcome the cost of a criminal record for getting hired

Many theories emphasize how employment is protective against criminal recidivism, yet a criminal record is a major barrier for getting hired. We asked 591 managers to make hypothetical hiring decisions between two applicants whose key difference was the presence or absence of a criminal conviction. In addition, we randomly manipulated the education, references, wage, or experience of the applicant with the criminal record to identify which manipulations can offset the cost of the record on an applicant's probability of being selected. We found that, when credentials were the same, the applicant with a criminal record was unlikely to be hired. That applicant, however, could become likely to be hired (i.e., the likelihood crossed 50 percent) by having at least 1 year of relevant experience, a GED or a college degree, or references from a former employer or a professor. Incomplete degrees, references from criminal justice professionals, or wage discounts did not make the applicant with the record likely to be hired. Findings confirm that a criminal record carries a high employability cost but also indicate that this cost can be superseded by specific credentials that signal an applicant's reliability, which can be provided by existing programs and institutions.     

论我国前科消灭制度的构建

界定前科消灭制度的概念,介绍国外关于前科消灭制度的规定,阐明我国现行法律体系中关于 “前科”的体现,提出构建我国前科消灭制度的建议。     

病历法律评估研究

由于病历在医疗纠纷处理中具有核心证据价值,因而在医疗纠纷愈演愈烈的大背景下,医患双方对病历的证据效力的争执也变得日益复杂。由于法律专业人士不具有医学专业知识,因而对病历的真伪及证据价值的判断显得无能为力,为了正确判断病历的证据价值,为了更好地使用病历作为认定案件事实的依据,因而迫切需要启动病历法律评估。病历法律评价应当坚持全面性、整体性、规范性和不苛求的原则,由有相关专业知识和背景的专业人士依照法定程序,采用专业评估方法,对病历的完整性、规范性和客观性进行评价,并提出专业性的评估意见。     

医疗纠纷中篡改病历相关法律责任研究

病历是医院最常见的文书之一。在法律上,病历也充当着重要的证据作用。在医疗纠纷中,病历是一把双刃剑,高质量的病历可以是医务人员的保护伞,反之则会是其最大的敌人。但是在医务人员在医疗纠纷中篡改病历的现象并不少见。关于篡改的病历的证据作用以及对相关人员的处理,国内外学者存在着不同的认识。     

The influence of prior record evidence on juror decision making

Several researchers have investigated the impact of evidence of prior convictions on jurors' decision making. Very little is known about a related issue, the impact of prioracquittal evidence introduced by the prosecution on jurors' decisions. The Supreme Court recently held (Dowling v. U.S., 1990) that the admission of prior acquittal evidence does not unfairly prejudice the defendant. We conducted a simulation study to examine the effects of prior record evidence (prior convictions, prior acquittals, and no prior record) on jurors' decisions. We also manipulated the presence of judicial instructions on the limited use jurors can make of extrinsic acts evidence. Mock jurors were more likely to convict the defendant when they had evidence of a prior conviction than when they had evidence of a prior acquittal or no record evidence. This effect was mediated by attributions about criminal propensity. Judge's limiting instructions were ineffective in guiding jurors' use of prior record evidence.     

汉语“宪法”意义考正

古汉语"宪法"是"宪"的一个衍生语词,二者词义有很大程度的同一性。古人训"宪"为"法",多直解其义,未能尽疏其意。他们用"宪"称"法",初为特指先王之法或旧典,意为恒常有效、世代遵从之法。后词义扩展,"宪"多泛指各种法律,成为对"法"的一种尊称。在先秦,"宪法"有两种构词:一是"宪"与"法"同义连缀,泛指国法;二是"宪法"作为一个偏正语词,"宪"是"法"的修饰词,"宪法"有"显法"或"常法"之义,但无"根本大法"或"最高法律"之义。秦汉以降,"宪法"皆属同义联合语词,泛指"国法"、"王法"、"法制"、"刑法",有时还指称一种治道与治法,但仍无"根本法"之义,仅蕴涵着人们对法的一种敬意。     

Sentencing

While there is nearly unanimous agreement among social scientists that the defendant's prior record is important in explaining the sentence imposed on the defendant, there is little agreement on the "best" or most appropriate measure of prior record to use in examining sentence disparity. This study provides an assessment of the utility of 11 commonly used measures of prior record. We find that the various measures are not interrelated highly and thus necessarily are not interchangeable. We also find that the measures of prior record affect sentence severity differently and that the relationships between these measures and sentence severity varies for black and white defendants.