强制措施的修改与适用

强制措施的修改与适用李忠诚八届全国人大四次会议于１９９６年３月１７日通过的《关于修改中华人民共和国刑事诉讼法的决定》，在保留强制措施原有框架的基础上，作了较大修改。认真研究修改后的强制措施，对于正确执行新刑事诉讼法，正确适用强制措施，具有重要的意义。...     

试析对职务犯罪强制措施执行权改革

检察机关自侦案件中，除拘传由检察机关自身执行之外，其他强制措施均是检察机关决定，公安机关执行。这样的权责分配固然有其合理性考虑，但是随着法治社会渐趋建立和完善，职务犯罪强制措施执行权分配暴露出的问题也渐突出，对其进行改革已成必需。     

刑事侦查中的强制措施重叠及解决对策

刑事侦查中的强制措施是保障刑事诉讼顺利进行,实现刑事诉讼目的之重要手段。侦查阶段,强制措施由公安机关或者检察院的自侦部门做出决定,统一由公安机关负责执行。根据执行方式的不同,强制措施可分为羁押性强制措施和非羁押性强制措施。在司法实践中,由于种种原因,不同的侦查机关可能会对同一犯罪嫌疑人重复适用强制措施,这不仅没有发挥强制措施保障诉讼的作用,反而对刑事诉讼形成干扰。本文试通过实际案例来分析强制措施重复适用的成因,并在此基础上提出解决对策。     

强制措施的执行监督

强制措施的执行监督单刚强制措施是指公安、检察机关和法院，为了有效地同犯罪行为进行斗争，保证侦查、审判工作顺利进行，依法对被告人、现行犯或者重大嫌疑分子的人身自由所采取的一种必要的限制方法。依据修改后的刑事诉讼法，我国对犯罪嫌疑人、被告人适用的强制措施...     

健全执行罚制度的思考

根据强制执行措施是否直接作用于执行标的,可将强制执行措施分为直接强制措施与间接强制措施两种,其中间接强制措施又可分为代执行和执行罚。法院执行的执行罚是指执行法院对拒不履行已生效法律文书所确定的义务的义务人(债务人)进行制裁,以迫使其自觉履行义务的法律制度。它应包括两类:一是执行行政罚(简称行政罚),二是执行刑事罚(简称刑事罚)。当前我国民事执行理论中没有执行罚的概念,但有执     

我国刑事对物强制措施体系的构建

我国当前刑事对物强制措施存在适用范围边界模糊、标准设置不合理,同时存在强制措施适用难和适用乱、财物保管难等问题,凸显了对物强制措施的体系性不足,亟待完善.查封、扣押、冻结应有各自的适用对象和执行方式.基于保全执行的强制措施应以"保障可供执行的责任财产数额"为标准,不限于"与本案直接相关"或"可以证明犯罪嫌疑人有罪或者无...     

试论刑法对民事执行之保障

一、民事执行需要刑法保障（－）民事执书的强制性决定其需要刑法保障民事诉讼中的执行，是指人民法院根据民事诉讼法的规定，运用国家强制力，强制义务人履行生效的法律文书所确立的义务的行为。民事执行行为具有明显的国家强制性特征，我国民事诉讼法执行程序中规定的直封、搜查、拘留等民事执行强制措施的运用，就是民事执行强制性特征和国家强制权适用的具体体现，但上述民事执行强制措施的运用，并不能最终体现民事执行的强制性和国家强制权运用的完整性，因为国家强制权的完全适用和国家强制性的最终体现需要刑法的保障。刑法作为执行…     

从执行到放人，如何监督

与看守所内的刑拘、逮捕等刑事强制措施和监狱内的刑罚执行活动相比，强制医疗执行活动明显不同，属于类似西方国家保安处分性质的刑事性措施。     

新《刑事诉讼法》视野下指定居所监视居住之审视与检察规制

新《刑事诉讼法》的立法初衷将监视居住从非羁押性强制措施转变为减少羁押的替代性措施，但具体的条文设计却使监视居住制度产生了内部的分裂：在嫌疑人、被告人自己住所执行的监视居住可以被认为是一种非羁押性的强制措施，但指定居所的监视居住却演变为一种准羁押性的强制措施。我们应立足司法实践，以程序正义与人权保障的价值博弈为切入点，以构建刑事强制措施体系的层次性、完整性为视角，提出通过加强检察机关的监督使该项制度更加完善与更加具有可操作性。     

法院执行:保障申请执行人合法权益

慎重采取强制措施,对人民法院来讲主要表现在审判阶段采取的一些强制措施,以及大量民商事案件的执行工作如何采取强制执行措施问题。多年来,执行难问题一直困扰着人民法院工作,此次突发新冠肺炎疫情,也让法院执行工作遇到很多新问题。     

Recidivism and the Propensity to Forgo Parole Release

This study investigates whether inmates who are unconditionally released at the end of their sentence because they opt out of the parole process could potentially benefit from community supervision. This research was conducted in response to a recently passed law in the state of New Jersey that targets this group for a mandatory six-month term of parole. The study uses propensity scores to match this group to discretionarily released parolees in order to simulate random assignment. Results indicate that those who voluntarily forgo parole consideration are significantly less successful after release according to several measures of recidivism, including rearrests, reconvictions, and community tenure. However, between-group differences are small. Findings suggest that some form of supervision may be beneficial for this group, but likely not in the fashion that is explicated in the current law.     

Age discrimination in retirement: in search of an alternative

American employers have traditionally relied on age as the criterion for mandatory retirement. Yet advances in medicine indicate the inadequacy of age as a measure of job competence and suggest the potential for a more reliable measure. With current social and economic conditions pressing many employees to seek to work beyond mandatory retirement ages set by their employers, transition to more reliable measures has become a vital matter. This Note explores the potential for implementing medically-based alternatives to the age proxy. It initially addresses problems of medical feasibility and economic practicality, and considers how the divergent interests of employees and employers can be accommodated. The balance of the Note examines the present roles of Congress, agencies, and courts in facilitating age-blind mandatory retirement policy. It suggests the need for reform of the federal Age Discrimination in Employment Act and recommends a more effective distribution of roles among governmental institutions.     

海事强制令的限制适用条件

海事强制令有利于快速、有效解决某些海事纠纷 ,但同时也容易给被请求人带来不公。本文从海事强制令的性质入手 ,结合英国相关法律制度 ,对海事法院签发海事强制令时所应考虑的合理因素作了初步讨论。     

An ethical analysis of the mandatory exclusion of immigrants who test HIV-positive

On 20 September 2000, Canadian newspapers reported that Health Canada recommended to Citizenship and Immigration Canada (CIC) that testing all prospective immigrants for HIV, and excluding those testing positive, constitutes "the lowest health risk course of action." Subsequently, the Minister of Citizenship and Immigration stated that CIC is indeed considering implementing mandatory HIV testing for all prospective immigrants to Canada, and excluding all those testing positive (with the exception of refugees and family-class sponsored immigrants) from immigrating to Canada on both public health and "excessive cost" grounds. This proposal was met with vehement opposition from a broad range of organizations and individuals. In particular, they pointed out that, as stated in the International Guidelines on HIV/AIDS and Human Rights (UNHCHR/UNAIDS, 1998: para 105), "[t]here is no public health rationale for restricting liberty of movement or choice of residence on the ground of HIV status." At the time of going to print, no final decision had been made about whether mandatory HIV testing for all immigrants would be implemented. There are sound ethical, legal, and public policy arguments against imposing mandatory testing and excluding those who test HIV-positive.     

法医学鉴定强制性标准的现状、问题和对策——以《强制性国家标准管理办法》为视角

法医学鉴定意见是重要的诉讼证据,鉴定标准尤其是强制性标准直接影响鉴定意见的科学性、公正性和权威性。当前我国法医学鉴定的强制性国家标准仅有3项,推荐性国家标准及行业标准489项。法医学标准数量有限,尤其强制性标准奇缺,已经影响到我国法医学鉴定实践和学科发展。《强制性国家标准管理办法》旨在加强和推进我国强制性国家标准的管理和发展。笔者建议,以该办法的实施为契机,相关行政管理部门应当发挥更多作用,采取有力措施推进法医学鉴定强制性国家标准的制定,进一步补充、修改、完善法医学鉴定行业标准,强化法医学鉴定强制性国家标准的执行。     

AIDS prevention: legislative options

This article reviews legislative options to prevent the transmission of HIV infection. It distinguishes between pre-exposure measures designed to prevent initial exposure, and post-exposure measures aimed at preventing infected individuals from exposing others. Part I identifies education as the key component of a comprehensive prevention program, and reviews options for pre-exposure education programs designed to avoid or minimize exposure. Part II reviews post-exposure prevention measures, focusing on reporting and contact tracing provisions. Mandatory reporting by name of individuals testing HIV positive and mandatory contact tracing are opposed as counterproductive prevention measures; voluntary partner notification is supported. Part III examines various prevention efforts for settings where there may be either a real or perceived risk of transmission of HIV infection. Part IV sets out conclusions.     

区域经济一体化进程中法院执行协助问题研究——以环渤海地区法院之间的委托执行为例

本文针对区域经济一体化进程中日渐增多的法院委托执行问题,对最近十年环渤海地区各级人民法院之间委托执行案件的情况进行了实证考察,分析阐释了委托执行工作中存在的问题及成因,并结合环渤海地区的实际,提出重新配置环渤海地区法院之间委托执行的权限以及完善相关监督机制的设想。     

Policing By Command: Enhancing Law Enforcement Capacity Through Coercion

This article addresses the numerous ways command or coercion is used by the state to enhance law enforcement, ways that involve creative interactions with both the targets of law enforcement and third parties. Coercive measures encompass both mandatory reporting and mandatory action. Examples are given and the benefits of using coercion in such circumstances discussed. However, coercion may also have unintended consequences and impose unreasonable costs. With these effects in mind, the authors suggest a set of guidelines for evaluating the appropriateness of coercive measures.     

Tarasoff in Missouri: The jurisprudence of a mental health provider's duty to warn and protect non-patients of potential risks from patients

In 1976, the Supreme Court of California issued its well-known Tarasoff Principle. From this principle, other courts found a duty to warn, and some found more than just a duty to warn, a duty to protect. As courts in other states adopted a version of the Tarasoff Principle, they issued a wide variety of third-party liability rules. In light of the dynamic, everchanging Tarasoff jurisprudence in the United States and recent relevant appellate court opinion in Missouri, a timely updated summary and update of Tarasoff-related jurisprudence in Missouri is warranted. In the present analysis, we compiled the four appellate court decisions that pertained to the questions of Tarasoff-like third-party liability in the State of Missouri: Sherrill v. Wilson (1983), Matt v. Burrell (1995), Bradley v. Ray (1995), and Virgin v. Hopewell (2001). We reviewed all legal measures for clinicians to protect nonpatients in Missouri, not just those that relate to protecting nonpatients from violence as in a Tarasof-like scenario. Thus, this paper concisely provides a compendium of such options and allows for a meaningful comparison of which legal, protective measures are mandatory and which are permissive, thereby evoking the question of whether measures of protecting nonpatients from a patient's violent acts ought to be mandatory duties or permissive application of professional judgment.     

Coordination for traceability in the food chain. A critical appraisal of European regulation

Risk management has become a central issue in sanitary crises. Agro food firms have devised organizational responses to sanitary risks, usually implying better traceability. European Regulation 178/2002 established mandatory traceability. This paper provides a critical appraisal of the European Regulation on traceability. The analysis characterizes the mandatory traceability established and evaluates whether the information provided facilitates the withdrawal of targeted products promised by the European Regulation. It demonstrates the importance of traceability practices and sets out the responsibilities of food business operators as defined in the regulation. This regulation is seen as creating economic incentives for more stringent traceability. The problem of private operators’ coordination in relation to traceability practices is explained and the question of whether this problem can be solved by the strict application of European Regulation 178/2002 is addressed. The limits of the European Regulation in this context are demonstrated and solutions are proposed.