企业合并行为的竞争法分析

对企业合并进行控制是竞争法的基本内容,而其中最核心的问题,是评价企业合并行为所依据的实体标准。基本内容包括对合并行为的反竞争影响,及其产生的积极效果。由于企业合并主要是通过改变市场结构而影响竞争,因而在对其进行分析时,一般首先分析合并行为对所在市场集中度产生的影响,这主要通过赫芬达尔指数来反映,对于发生在指数较低的市场上,或发生在集中度较高的市场上,但并未导致指数大幅度提高的企业合并行为,认定其不会产生严重的反竞争效果,可以批准。其他的合并行为则要由竞争主管机关进一步分析,主要考察该行为的反竞争效果,包括单边效果与协调效果;然后再考察存在哪些抵消因素。经过比较后,如果积极效果大于消极效果,则予以批准。     

EC Merger Control: From Separate Jurisdictional Zones to a Cooperation Based Architecture?

The EC Merger Control Regulation(MCR) established an architecture ofconcentration control based on separate,non-overlapping jurisdictional spheres forMember states and the European Commission, withthe Commission alone having jurisdiction overconcentrations with a competition concern thatpotentially have a Community interest. Therationale is that this will help guarantee thelevel playing field for business and safeguardthe Single Market. This, of course, is verymuch dependant on the architecture working inpractice. The Community Dimension (CD) testsare at the centre of the architecture ofseparate jurisdictional zones, determiningwhich concentrations have a CD and hence aCommunity interest. The paper reveals that thecurrent form-based CD tests are flawed,undermining the effective operation of thearchitecture. It explores three competingproposals put forward to remedy the above flaw:an enhanced role for Article 22 MCR, a singlefine-tuned threshold test and, thirdly, theCommission's multiple notification approach.The paper contends that these proposals aloneare not sufficient to make the architectureeffective. It argues that what is required isan improved CD test applied in conjunction witha harmonised Articles 2 and 9 MCR approach. Inline with the Commission's desire to considerthe long term shape of EC merger control, thepaper concludes by looking at a radicalalternative to the efforts to fine-tune thearchitecture of separate jurisdictionalspheres. By way of stimulating debate, itconsiders an EC merger control based on anetwork of cooperation involving Member states'regulators and the Commission, and with allapplying EC merger law.     

The Case for a Multilateral Agreement on Competition Policy: A Developing Country Perspective

Although the issue of trade and competition policy has beendropped from the Work Programmes of the Doha Round of WorldTrade Organization (WTO) negotiations, it continues to be discussedin other fora and may return to the WTO after the completionof the Round. This article assesses the case for an agreementfrom the perspective of developing countries. It begins by reviewingthe ‘development dimension’ of the WTO debate andthen examines three specific antitrust issues that were of considerablerelevance to developing countries but were not pursued: exportcartels, anti-dumping and intellectual property rights (IPRs).There follows a critical assessment of the empirical and theoreticalarguments for the kind of agreement that was being advocatedto deal with international cartels. Alternative proposals, involvingdeveloping countries ‘outsourcing’ antitrust enforcementto developed countries, are also sceptically examined, as isthe relevance for developing countries of the kind of competitionpolicy that is currently in place in developed countries. Finally,a general approach to international trade agreements suggeststhat developing countries had nothing to gain from the proposalthat was on the table, and the article concludes by proposinga range of more suitable alternatives.     

欧共体竞争法中的知识产权

一 绪论同一般财产权一样，知识产权最重要的特点是专有性。即未经权利人同意，任何人都不得使用专利或者有着保密措施的技术秘密。正是因为这种专有性或者排他性，知识产权的权利人才可能通过其创造性的智力成果，在一个有限的时间和地域内就某种产品的生产或者销售取得垄断地位，进而获取垄断利润。这种状况说明，知识产权包括专利权、商标权以及版权的法律保护与竞争法之间存在着矛盾。即一方面，知识产权所有人因为在发明创造工作中付出了劳动，他们有权通过其发明创造或者知识在竞争中取得优势地位，甚至垄断地位，而且也应当有权通过…     

欧盟竞争法下的“关键设施原则”

随着我国社会主义市场经济的进一步发展,反垄断立法逐渐引起了社会的广泛关注。本文就欧盟竞争法下的“关键设施原则”进行了探讨,分析了“关键设施原则”的起源,它在欧盟竞争法下的发展,它被欧洲法院适用的情况,和“关键设施原则”与知识产权保护的关系。笔者希望对欧盟竞争法下的“关键设施原则”这一较新的理论的探讨能给我国的反垄断立法一定的启示作用。     

Competition for Sustainability: Sustainable Development Concerns in National and EC Competition Law

Competition law has become increasingly important in regulating the economy. This article aims to explore how domestic competition law relates to sustainable development. It distinguishes three ways that competition law can take into account environmental and social priorities: through substantive competition rules fostering social or ecological purposes; through exceptions, exemptions and exclusions; and through the enhanced application of competition laws. The first form is very interesting and currently not very widely used. Only a very few countries, such as South Africa, have included substantive provisions to promote social development in their competition laws. Most countries allow for some version of the second form of sustainable competition law. Few countries' laws are as outspoken about their public policy goals as is Spain in its new draft competition law. This new draft law explicitly lists environmental protection and social policies as grounds upon which the government could repeal a competition decision. The third form is relatively unproblematic as it creates a win-win situation for competition and sustainable development. This article surveys some of the most interesting competition law developments across the world and indicates where these domestic regimes take into account environmental or broader social issues when making competition-related decisions such as merger approvals.     

欧盟反垄断私人诉讼制度的最新发展及启示

从欧盟竞争法的最新发展来看,私人诉讼在反垄断法中的地位正在逐步增强.欧盟委员会认为,行政执法始终是反垄断法实施的中坚力量,但私人诉讼是公共实施的有益补充.此外,欧盟积极借鉴美国的反托拉斯私人诉讼制度,旨在促进欧盟区经济的发展及欧盟消费者权利的保护.就我国而言,可以借鉴欧盟的经验,高度重视私人在反垄断法实施中的作用,完善法律制度,以推动反垄断私人诉讼在我国的发展.     

EU Merger Remedies and Competition Concerns: An Empirical Assessment

The purpose of merger remedies is to relieve the potential competitive detriments as to preserve the efficiencies. The European Community (EC) Merger Remedies Notice requires remedies able to remove the identified competition concerns entirely and proportionately. The scope of each merger remedy package is confined by the competition concern in question. This study analyses, from an empirical point of view, the relationship between competition concerns and merger remedies. It reviews all remedies accepted in Phase II EU merger investigation and categorises them into seven sets according to their nature. Results of the empirical assessment present the frequencies of each remedy type accepted for resolving various competitions concerns and reveal that merger remedy design does vary for different competition concerns. Horizontal effects require divestiture remedies more. Other structural remedies, especially access commitment and supply commitment, have a good chance to be accepted in resolving vertical and conglomerate effects.     

合并控制在欧洲和德国的新发展

勿庸置疑 ,欧洲和德国的企业合并控制法中有许多值得讨论的新发展。本文将主要针对基本问题 ,而不考虑判例。这对于该国际研讨会比较合适。我在这里主要讨论 4个具有普遍意义的问题 ,而且这些问题也是大家普遍关心的问题。这些涉及企业合并控制法本质的问题是 :1 什么是禁止合并最恰当的标准 ?2 经济效率在评价一个合并时会起到什么作用 ?3 如何解决合并案件中经常出现的竞争政策与产业政策的冲突 ?这里介绍德国的做法。 4 小的发展中国家的企业合并控制。欧洲委员会在其2 0 0 1年 1 1月的绿皮书中提出了控制企业合并的相关标准以及效率…     

Risks, Costs and Alternatives in EC Environmental Legislation: The Case of 'REACH'

European Community standards of environmental law are commonly framed in terms of the risks of activities to human health and the environment. Under this cover of uni-dimensional concern, considerations of an activity's benefits, regulatory costs and the availability of alternatives play a crucial role in the regulatory practice. The REACH proposal is a first and ambitious attempt to bring these other dimensions to the fore and give them shape. This article analyses this approach, identifies its merits and flaws, and develops a scheme that makes the complex calculus practicable. It is submitted that the scheme is applicable also in other areas of EC environmental law.     

欧盟法对企业合并的规制

企业合并是当今各国优化产业结构和企业组织结构的重要手段,也是企业迅速扩张、提高规模经济效益和国际竞争力的有效手段.然而,经济力量的集中和由此导致的市场结构的改变,容易产生或加强市场支配力量,从而起到排除或限制竞争的作用.为了防止企业通过并购实现或加强市场支配地位,维护市场上的竞争秩序,对一定规模以上的企业并购交易进行反垄断审查,已成为市场经济国家设计和实施反垄断法的通行做法.目前,已有七十多个国家建立了企业并购控制机制.其中十分引人注目的是,欧盟于上世纪90年代初建立了企业合并控制机制,并于2004年进行了改革.到目前为止,欧盟竞争总司作出的并购审查决定已达两千多件,在此过程中积累了丰富的经验.拟对欧盟企业合并控制制度的建立、理论、程序及实体规则进行研究,并就中国企业合并控制制度的现状及发展提出自己的看法.     

欧洲共同体竞争法实施过程中面临的冲突及对策

竞争法是欧共体法律体系中影响较大的一个部门。它的形成与发展,使共同体内并存着两种相互独立的竞争法及其执行机制。因此,竞争法在实施过程中,出现了一系列的冲突和矛盾。共同体通过二次立法,采取了一系列相应的措施:重新调整竞争法主管机构的权限,平衡竞争法管辖上的矛盾;确立共同体竞争法的效力优于成员国竞争法的原则,协调共同体竞争法适用上的冲突;加强竞争法实施的国际合作,化解欧共体竞争法域外适用过程中产生的困难。这些措施有效地清除了竞争法实施的障碍,推动了欧洲经济一体化的进程。     

Economic Competition between Professional Bodies: The Case of Auditing

Building on Romano's recent analysis of the United States securitiesregulatory regime, we model competition between professionalauditing associations. We show that such competition is an effectivesubstitute for government regulation, providing an efficientmeans for auditors to signal their service quality. Competitionis likely to lead to stability in the market for auditing services,with neither a "race to the top" nor a "race to the bottom."Monopoly rents are unlikely to be earned by auditors or theirprofessional organizations, and government intervention canbe limited to ensuring that the professional organization'sdisciplinary actions are costly enough to be effective.     

Leniency Program: A New Tool in Competition Policy to Deter Cartel Activity in Procurement Auctions

This paper discusses the impact of a leniency program on incentives within cartels. The objective of this program is to encourage a cartel member to confess and implicate his co-conspirators with hard evidence about their collusive agreement. We develop a simple model of cartel behavior under a first-price sealed-bid procurement auction and we show how an effective leniency program can prevent the internal coordination of cartel members.