广泛软组织挫伤后血中胆红素和肌红蛋白的改变

目的 探索法医临床学评定广泛软组织挫伤程度量化指标。方法 采用改良的咖啡因法(J-G法)、放射免疫法分别检测广泛软组织挫伤后的人和大鼠血液中的胆红素(Bil)和肌红蛋白(Mb)浓度。结果 大鼠挫伤面积为6％、18％、30％,其血清胆红素浓度分别为4.86±0.4648、7.05±0.2915、8.52±0.1549μmol/1;肌红蛋白浓度分别为16.9140±0.9803、23.3435±1.3349、31.2490±1.8714ng/ml。二者经统计学分析P<0.001,均有显著性差异。结论测定血液中胆红素、肌红蛋白浓度有望成为法医临床学准确评估广泛软组织损伤程度的可靠量化指标。     

多发性软组织挫伤后对肺及其他脏器的影响

目的观察多发性软组织挫伤后短时间内死亡案例的脏器病理学改变。方法应用常规组织学及免疫组织化学染色技术进行光学显微镜检查。结果光镜检查见肺组织毛细血管扩张充血，白细胞集聚，肺组织散在片状出血、灶状坏死及透明膜形成；心脏间质血管扩张充血，点灶状纤维溶解；脑组织充血水肿，肝脾充血。免疫组化发现肺泡腔及部分血管内纤维蛋白染色阳性，部分脾脏血管内及肾髓质集合管中肌红蛋白染色阳性。结论本研究结果提示多发性软组织挫伤后短时间内死亡的死因为成人呼吸窘迫综合征（ARDS）合并多脏器功能衰竭。     

广泛软组织损伤肾肌红蛋白免疫组化研究

目的探讨肌红蛋白对挤压综合征肾功能损害的病理形态学改变及法医病理学诊断价值。方法应用EnVision(两步法)免疫组化方法和LSAB免疫组化方法,对22例生前有较广泛肌肉软组织损伤的人尸体肾脏组织(损伤组)进行肌红蛋白检测,12例无上述病史的人尸体肾脏组织作对照(对照组)。结果损伤组有8例肾远曲小管及集合管管腔管型染色呈阳性或强阳性,均见于伤后36h至10d死亡者;有7例近曲小管、远曲小管和集合管上皮腔缘附近的胞浆及腔面肌红蛋白阳性或强阳性,最早见于伤后8h死亡者,伤后24h至48h死亡者最为显著;余9例未见上述改变。对照组12例上述部位均为阴性。结论肌红蛋白管型堵塞肾小管和肌红蛋白对肾小管上皮的直接损害是挤压综合征肾功能衰竭的重要病理形态学基础,两者对挤压综合征的法医病理诊断均具有重要价值。     

挤压伤——挤压综合征的实验病理学研究

观察挤压伤后挤压综合征的发生发展过程及肾脏病理改变特点。以家兔制造挤压伤—挤压综合征的动物模型 ,取血和尿进行生化检验并应用光镜、电镜及免疫组化等方法 ,观察肾脏的形态学改变。结果显示 :(1)挤压伤后血K+和血BUN明显升高 ,血CO2 CP明显下降 (P <0 0 5 ) ;(2 )在挤压综合征时 ,肾脏肾小球肿胀 ,肾小管上皮细胞不同程度的变性坏死 ,管腔内有以肌红蛋白为主要成分的管型 ,血BUN持续下降 ,血K+改变不明显。肾小管上皮细胞的变性坏死及肾小管内肌红蛋白管型形成可作为挤压综合征的法医病理学诊断依据之一 ,血K+升高是挤压伤后急性死亡的原因之一     

肌红蛋白及其法医学意义探讨

自1944年Bywaters和Beall提出创伤后肾功能衰竭与肌红蛋白之间的关系后，临床上一直将肌红蛋白尿（myoglobinuria）作为诊断挤压综合征（crushsgn·drome）最具价值的指标之一l’l。在法医学实践中，也常将肾组织肌红蛋白管型的组织化学染色阳性作为判断挤压综合征、甚至死因的主要依据。随着研究的深入，近年来有不少报道提出，外伤不是导致肌红蛋白尿或肾组织肌红蛋白管型阳性的唯一因素【’，’］。为此，就肌红蛋白及其法医学意义作一综述，供同行们参考。！肌红蛋白的一般特性以及正常人体非肌组织肌红蛋白的含量肌红蛋白（mpOglobil…     

多发性软组织挫伤后对肺及其他脏器的影响

目的 观察多发性软组织挫伤后短时间内死亡案例的脏器病理学改变。方法 应用常规组织学及免疫组织化学染色技术进行光学显微镜检查。结果 光敏检查见肺组织毛细血管扩张充血，白细胞集聚，肺组织散在片状出血、灶状坏死及透明膜形成；心脏间质血管扩张充血，点灶状纤维溶解；脑组织充血水肿，肝脾充血。免疫组化发现肺泡腔及部分血管内纤维蛋白染色阳性，部分脾脏血管内及肾髓质聚合管中肌红蛋白染色阳性。结果 本研究结果提示多     

广泛性软组织挫伤后肺脂肪栓塞1例

广泛性软组织挫伤后一般是由于继发休克、弥漫性血管内凝血（DIC）或者挤压综合征而导致死亡［1～3］,引起肺脂肪栓塞则少见。广泛性软组织挫伤后因血液中脂肪释放引起肺脂肪栓塞致死则更为罕见,笔者曾遇一例,现予以报道如下:     

15例挤压综合征死亡的法医病理学研究

对 15例挤压伤后挤压综合征的致伤原因、损伤经过时间及尸检材料进行分析,并采用组织学和免疫组化 ABC法染色,观察肾脏的病理改变特点。结果发现：肾脏肿大,肾小管上皮细胞变性、坏死,远曲小管扩张,内有蛋白管型、细胞管型,并证实有肌红蛋白管型存在。     

多发性软组织挫伤后成人呼吸窘迫综合征──组织学及免疫组织化学研究

本研究应用组织学Ｈ·Ｅ、Ｍａｌｌｏｒｙ、ＰＴＡＨ以及免疫组织化学染色方法对６例多发性软组织挫伤后成人呼吸窘迫综合征者肺组织改变进行了深入探讨。结果表明，所有外伤性呼吸窘迫综合征者肺组织均呈急性充血、出血及水肿改变，且免疫组织化学染色证明，水肿液中含有纤维蛋白（原）成份。在６例中２例可见肺组织局灶性出血坏死，３例有散在性血管内纤维蛋白柱形成及肺泡内透明膜形成。这些改变均属成人呼呼吸窘迫综合征的早期肺损伤。对多发软组织挫伤后呼吸窘迫综合征的形成机理进行阐述。     

广泛软组织挫伤致挤压综合征1例

挤压综合征是指遭受挤压伤的人在挤压解除后,出现以肌红蛋白尿和急性肾功能衰竭为主要特征的临床症候群[1]。挤压综合征虽可见于多种原因,但法医检案中遇到最多的是肢体广泛软组织挫伤和肢体被持续较长时间捆绑[1]。作者曾遇1例直接打击肢体所致挤压综合征的案例,现报道如下。1     

肾脏组织肌红蛋白检测在法医病理诊断中的应用价值

应用免疫组化方法,对49例被尸检的人肾组织进行肌红蛋白检测,其中生前有广泛软组织损伤的损伤组22例,冠心病猝死组15例,并用12例无上述病史的人肾脏组织作对照.结果显示损伤组有8例(8/22)远曲小管及集合管管腔内管型呈肌红蛋白阳性或强阳性;冠心病猝死组有3例皮质肾小管内管型呈阳性;对照组均为阴性.说明肾肌红蛋白检测对挤压综合征(crushsyndrome,CS)死后诊断有重要价值.     

The pathological features and circumstances of death of lethal crush/traumatic asphyxia in adults--a 25-year study

A 25-year retrospective study of cases of crush/traumatic asphyxia autopsied at Forensic Science SA, Adelaide, Australia from 1980 to 2004 was undertaken. A total of 79 cases of crush asphyxia was found consisting of 63 males (80%) and 16 females (20%). The age range of the males was 19-86 years (mean=41.8 years) and of the females was 19-75 years (mean=38.6 years). In 18 cases the exact circumstances of death were unclear, leaving 61 cases in which details of the fatal episode were available. Major categories included vehicle crashes (N=37), industrial accidents (N=9), farm accidents (N=6) and entrapment beneath vehicles (N=5). Forty of the 79 victims (51%) had only very minor bruises and abrasions; 28 (35%) had evidence of chest compression with rib and sternal fractures and large areas of soft tissue bruising of the chest; 7 cases (9%) had other significant injuries or findings that had contributed to death. All of these victims had signs of crush asphyxia in the form of intense purple congestion and swelling of the face and neck, and/or petechial hemorrhages of the skin of the face and/or conjunctivae. The pattern of pathological findings of crush asphyxia was not influenced by the presence or absence of concomitant serious or lethal injuries. In 4 cases (5%) where the circumstances of the lethal episode were those of crush asphyxia there were no characteristic pathological findings. This study has shown that a high percentage of crush asphyxias may be caused by vehicle accidents. It has also demonstrated that on occasion fatal crush asphyxia may have to be a diagnosis of exclusion, made only when there are characteristic death scene findings, and no evidence of lethal natural diseases or injuries at autopsy, with negative toxicological screening.     

20例脂肪栓塞死亡的法医学分析

目的分析脂肪栓塞综合征（fatembolismsyndrome,FES）死亡的一般情况以及法医病理学特点,为此类案件的法医病理学鉴定提供参考。方法选取某大学法医学鉴定中心1999—2012年20例FES死亡案件．对其一般情况及法医病理学特点（包括致伤方式、损伤类型、临床表现、病理学改变等方面）进行总结。结果脂肪栓塞主要见于损伤导致的长骨骨折和全身大面积软组织损伤,主要类型为肺脂肪栓塞,偶见合并脑脂肪栓塞。症状多出现在伤后和术后较短时间内,组织病理学检查可在肺小血管内检见大量脂滴并经特殊染色证实。结论FES死亡案例在损伤类型、脂肪栓塞出现症状时间及组织病理学表现等方面均有一定规律和特点。在鉴定中应注意进行特殊染色（油红0染色）处理,寻找FES的直接证据。     

宝鸡市358例法医送检器官的组织病理学分析

目的 分析法医尸体检验后送检器官的病理学特征,总结此类案件的特点.方法 对宝鸡市法医送检358例尸体解剖器官标本进行常规检查并进行组织病理学诊断. 结果 358例中以青壮年男性为主,死亡原因主要为创伤、猝死、中毒.组织学能明确死亡原因250例,无典型组织学病变101例,组织自溶腐败7例.病理诊断以心血管疾病为主,其次为呼吸、神经、消化系统疾病. 结论 法医解剖具有专业特点,与病理解剖不尽相同.组织病理学检验进行死亡原因诊断时,应积极与法医沟通,以充分掌握案情、死亡经过及特定的法医病理学特征.     

Pathologic features of fatal shark attacks

To examine the pattern of injuries in cases of fatal shark attack in South Australian waters, the authors examined the files of their institution for all cases of shark attack in which full autopsies had been performed over the past 25 years, from 1974 to 1998. Of the seven deaths attributed to shark attack during this period, full autopsies were performed in only two cases. In the remaining five cases, bodies either had not been found or were incomplete. Case 1 was a 27-year-old male surfer who had been attacked by a shark. At autopsy, the main areas of injury involved the right thigh, which displayed characteristic teeth marks, extensive soft tissue damage, and incision of the femoral artery. There were also incised wounds of the right wrist. Bony injury was minimal, and no shark teeth were recovered. Case 2 was a 26-year-old male diver who had been attacked by a shark. At autopsy, the main areas of injury involved the left thigh and lower leg, which displayed characteristic teeth marks, extensive soft tissue damage, and incised wounds of the femoral artery and vein. There was also soft tissue trauma to the left wrist, with transection of the radial artery and vein. Bony injury was minimal, and no shark teeth were recovered. In both cases, death resulted from exsanguination following a similar pattern of soft tissue and vascular damage to a leg and arm. This type of injury is in keeping with predator attack from underneath or behind, with the most severe injuries involving one leg. Less severe injuries to the arms may have occurred during the ensuing struggle. Reconstruction of the damaged limb in case 2 by sewing together skin, soft tissue, and muscle bundles not only revealed that no soft tissue was missing but also gave a clearer picture of the pattern of teeth marks, direction of the attack, and species of predator.     

Evaluation of diagnostic tools applied in the examination of sudden unexpected deaths in infancy and early childhood

During the period between 1984 and 1999, 309 cases of sudden unexpected death in infancy and early childhood (0-3 years) were investigated at the Institute of Forensic Medicine in Oslo. In 73 cases, an explainable cause of death was found. In this non-sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) group, 42 cases were due to disease, 14 to accidents, 7 to neglect/abuse and 10 cases were due to homicide. In 43 cases, there were pathological findings at the autopsy or suspect features in the history and/or circumstances, which were, however, insufficient to explain death ("borderline" SIDS). In the remaining 193 cases, nothing of significance was detected ("pure" SIDS).The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the importance of the different diagnostic tools used in diagnosing non-SIDS and borderline SIDS cases. The definition of SIDS requires a negative history as well as a negative autopsy result. Thus, the following variables were analysed: circumstances, medical history and autopsy, which included a gross pathological investigation, histology, neuropathology, microbiology, radiology and toxicology. In diagnosing deaths due to disease, histology, neuropathology and microbiology were the most important diagnostic tools. In contrast, information about the circumstances of death and the gross pathological findings at autopsy most often revealed the cause of death in accidents and cases of neglect/abuse and homicide.Following the drop in SIDS rate in Norway after 1989, the share of pure SIDS in proportion to the total population of sudden unexpected deaths in infancy and early childhood has decreased. The increasing proportion of non-SIDS and borderline SIDS cases presents a challenge to improve the quality of the investigation in cases of sudden death in infancy and early childhood.     

挤压伤大鼠早期心脏损伤的细胞机制

目的观察挤压伤大鼠血清对培养的新生大鼠心肌细胞的某些作用,拟阐明挤压伤早期心肌细胞损伤的细胞机制。方法培养1～3d龄SD大鼠心肌细胞,观察挤压伤大鼠血清对心肌细胞搏动频率、表面积、蛋白质含量、3H-亮氨酸掺入、胞内钙浓度和Fos蛋白表达的影响。结果与正常大鼠血清组比较,挤压伤大鼠血清培养的心肌细胞搏动频率(次/min)由88.3±20.6降为26.4±16.7,心肌细胞表面积、蛋白质含量、3H-Leu掺入、胞内游离钙浓度(nmol/L)和Fos蛋白表达阳性指数增加。结论挤压伤大鼠血清通过抑制细胞搏动,增加胞内钙浓度诱导Fos蛋白的表达,引起心肌细胞肥大,介导挤压伤早期的心脏损伤。     

死后尸体CT在法医学鉴定中的应用价值初探

目的 对不同类型案件中的死者进行死后尸体CT扫描和常规尸体解剖,探索PMCT在法医学鉴定中的应用价值.方法 对7例因不同原因死亡的个体进行全身PMCT扫描,随后进行系统的尸体解剖,通过比较两种方法检测的结果,分析PMCT与传统尸体解剖在不同类型案件中应用的优点和不足.结果 在7个案例中,尸体上总共检出67处阳性发现.其...