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1.
Presidential candidates regularly use crime issues to help win electoral support. Contrary to conventional wisdom, crime control
became an issue in the 2008 presidential campaign. Despite decreasing crime rates and public opinion focused only temporarily
on illegal immigration, the three major presidential candidates (Obama, Clinton, & McCain) discussed many anticrime initiatives
during the campaign. Unlike past research which has found presidential candidates use primarily symbolic rhetoric in their
anticrime rhetoric, all three presidential candidates in the 2008 presidential election were found to have employed tangible
statements. The article discusses the different findings, making recommendations for future research. 相似文献
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Carlo Maria Colombo 《European Law Journal》2019,25(3):292-316
Despite contentions that state aid control is an instance of direct execution, the State Aid Modernisation (SAM) package has largely dispersed responsibility for giving effect to the common legal framework across national administrations. In this setup, the effectiveness of state aid law is confronted with asymmetric capacities, diffuse application of complex rules and difficulty in keeping dispersed powers under control. This article combines selected evidence on the operation of state aid control with a multidisciplinary analysis of the functioning of integration mechanisms in the European administrative space. The aim is to examine the potential effects of SAM. It contends that, while the reform has strengthened the Commission's dominance, the instruments of administrative integration might fail to secure adequate capacities and implementation performances at national level, due to constitutional constraints and opposing forces. This effect, it is argued, could be divisive, and risks undermining the integrity of the internal market. 相似文献
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Combining data from police statistics and crime victim surveys, this article analyses the evolution of crime in Western Europe
from 1988 to 2007. The results show that there is no general drop in crime. Property offences and homicide have been decreasing
since the mid 1990s, while violent and drug offences have increased during the period under study. These trends highlight
the limits of the explanations to the crime drop in the United States, which are based on the premise of a correlation in
the evolution of all offences. The drop in property offences seems related to changes in the socioeconomic situation in Europe
as well as to increases in security measures in households, and the reinforcement of private security. The increase in violent
offences can be explained by the combination of several factors, including changes in youth’s free time provoked by the development
of the Internet, changing demographics, and the rise of episodic heavy alcohol consumption and street gangs. 相似文献
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Sarah Nason 《社会福利与家庭法律杂志》2017,39(1):115-135
Administrative justice systems are under a variety of pressures, in particular austerity-inspired civil justice reform. I argue that such pressures do not necessitate the decline of administrative justice, and that a developing Welsh model has cross-jurisdictional appeal, especially to legal orders currently lacking a relevant organisational centre and joined-up approach. I examine the efficacy of existing conceptions of administrative justice and delineate a developing Welsh approach grounded in egalitarian principles. The nascent Welsh model emphasises reforming administrative justice hierarchies so that they work harmoniously with regulatory and value-promoting parts of the system, focusing on user perspectives and tackling the risks of less transparent forms of bureaucratic decision-making. 相似文献
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Augustine Edobor Arimoro 《Liverpool Law Review》2018,39(3):221-238
Even though studies suggest that people do not have a choice about their sexual orientation since it is innate in them, some African countries including Nigeria continue to criminalise same sex conduct between two consenting adults. Before the administration of President Goodluck Jonathan passed the Same Sex Marriage (Prohibition) Act 2014 into law in Nigeria, there have already been laws in the country criminalising sexual relations between persons of the same sex. It appears that the Act of 2014 was motivated to show a resolve by the Nigerian government to clearly point out to certain sections of the international community, who at that time were lobbying for the decriminalisation of same sex relations in the country, that there was no intention by the Nigerian state to cave into any such demand. This paper re-examines the prohibition of same sex relations in Nigeria with a focus on whether the laws protect the culture of the Nigerian people or the moral ideals introduced by religion. 相似文献
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Previous research on the determinants of police expenditures has not risen to the level of empirical understanding in large part because it has failed to explain substantively important variation among local jurisdictions. This suggests a need to reevaluate research strategies and to examine closely those cases which cannot be predicted using traditional, social, economic, and environmental approaches. Incorporating deviant case analysis, the authors outline an alternative approach to determine whether policy maker variables should be added to more broadly based models. 相似文献
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A pronounced drop in crime, since the early 1990s, has encompassed every crime category tracked by the FBI’s Uniform Crime Reports, including property crime. However, over the same period, the rates of online property crime (OPC) have been on the rise according to available evidence. We delineate the extent of our knowledge and data concerning cybercrime and identity theft and, using data from several nationally representative victimization surveys, offer an alternative view of property crime trends while pointing out the glaring gap in crime reporting and accounting in relation to the growing category of property crimes perpetrated online. In addition, we compare estimated costs of traditional property crime vs. OPC. Finally, we identify the main challenges for obtaining reliable data on OPC and discuss their implications, especially when applying the traditional methods of compiling crime statistics. 相似文献
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Makdisi JM 《Creighton law review》2001,34(4):965-1026
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Common law systems, in criminal cases, distinguish between theguilt/innocence proceedings and the sentencing stage. This isnot the case in civil law systems where criminal trial consistsof a single phase, combining the inquiry into guilt with sentencing.Under common law practice many facts relevant for sentencingare considered irrelevant at the stage of finding guilt forthe commission of the crime. Aggravating elements, therefore,address a fundamental distinction of substantive criminal lawbetween guilt and dangerousness: guilt is a determination ofresponsibility for a prior wrongdoing; dangerousness is a speculativefuture determination. The intensification of terrorist activityin the past few years has made terrorism one of today's mostpressing problems. But is terrorism a crime or an aggravatingfactor in sentencing? In this article, the author challengesconventional wisdom regarding the meaning of terroristcrimes, by providing a conceptual understanding of terrorism,as well as articulating a theory of guilt. Terrorists seldomexpress guilt. The word terrorismdescribes, instead, an overriding motivation, a way of acting,rather than the objective circumstances of acting. Terrorismis nothing but common crimes although committed with an overridingmotivation of imposing extreme fear on the nation as such. Theauthor presents the conceptual grounds of the phenomenon ofterrorism as it has evolved through history, before enquiringinto the meaning of terrorist crimes: the overridingmotivation associated with the concept of terrorism constitutesthe degree of cognate dangerousness of terrorist crimes. 相似文献
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Morris B. Kaplan 《Liverpool Law Review》2008,29(1):37-50
My purpose in this article is to address issues that arise with the emergence of “hate crime” law as a response to violence
against historically subordinated groups, with particular reference to gay, lesbian, bisexual, transgendered (henceforth “GLBT”),
and otherwise queer citizens. The specific jurisdictional context of my reflection is the USA but the issues I raise have
significance beyond that context. Increasingly in recent years hate crime legislation has been adopted or proposed in the
US as well as other jurisdictions as a response to bigotry and violence directed against minority groups in multi-cultural
societies. In 2006 in the UK, proposals to outlaw “incitement to religious hatred” were hotly debated. In 2008 demands are
being made to extend the ‘incitement laws’ to include incitement to homophobic hatred. In 2007 in the US the Senate and House
of Representatives in Washington DC passed an Act, which some described as the Matthew Shepard Act, to promote and enhance
the use of the criminal law against perpetrators of crimes motivated by hatred based on perceived sexual orientation and gender
identity. Ultimately the Act failed to become law. The debates in the UK and US provide the backdrop against which I want
to examine the arguments for and against hate crime legislation, both generally and with specific application to queer citizens.
This require us to think again about the relation of queer citizens to the state, the reach of political equality and human
rights, and the aims and limits of the criminal law and system of “criminal justice”.
相似文献
Morris B. KaplanEmail: |
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Ted Gest 《犯罪学与公共政策》2018,17(2):497-511
Even though the crime rate in the United States has dropped since the U.S. President's Commission on Law Enforcement and Administration of Justice under President Johnson issued its report in 1967, the total number of serious crimes in the nation has increased, and public concern about the subject remains high. The 1960s Commission did not fully consider several major subjects that have emerged after it reported, including mental illness, immigration, cybercrime and other white collar crimes, indigent defense, crime victims, and evidence‐based crime policy. Many observers believe that the need to deal with these subjects in addition to those discussed by other researchers in this volume warrants an examination of crime and justice by a new commission. Congress has considered proposals for such a study for nearly a decade, but they are yet to be acted on amid ideological disputes over other criminal justice issues. If Congress fails to establish a new commission, it is still possible that one could be formed with the support of state, county, and local governments, as well as with the support of private foundations. 相似文献
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This study examines the reciprocal relationship between violent crime and residential stability in neighborhoods. We test
whether the form of stability matters by comparing two different measures of stability: a traditional index of residential
stability and a novel approach focusing specifically on the stability of homeowners. We also examine whether the racial/ethnic
composition of the neighborhood in which this stability occurs affects the instability—violent crime relationship. To test
the simultaneous relationship between residential mobility and crime we estimate a dual multivariate latent curve model of
the change in the violent crime rate and the change in the rate of home sales while controlling for neighborhood socioeconomic
and demographic characteristics using data from Los Angeles between 1992 and 1997. Results indicate that the initial level
of violent crime increases the trajectory of residential instability in subsequent years, whether the instability is measured
as homeowner turnover specifically, or based on an index of all residents. However, the effect of instability on violent crime
is only apparent when measuring instability based on an index of general residential turnover and not when including the presence
of owners in this measure, or when measuring it based on homeowner turnover. We consistently find that stable highly Latino
communities exhibit a protective effect against violence. 相似文献
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Marriage and Desistance from Crime in the Netherlands: Do Gender and Socio-Historical Context Matter? 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Bianca E. Bersani John H. Laub Paul Nieuwbeerta 《Journal of Quantitative Criminology》2009,25(1):3-24
Over the last two decades, research examining desistance from crime in adulthood has steadily increased. The evidence from
this body of research consistently demonstrates that salient life events—in particular, marriage—are associated with a reduction
of offending across the life course. However, previous studies have been largely limited to male samples in the United States.
As a result, questions regarding the universal effect of these relationships remain. Specifically, research is needed to assess
whether the desistance effect of life events like marriage varies by gender and/or socio-historical context in countries other
than the U.S. The present research addresses these gaps by examining the relationship between marriage and criminal offending
using data from the Criminal Career and Life Course Study (CCLS). The CCLS includes criminal conviction histories spanning
a large portion of the life course for nearly 5,000 men and women convicted in the Netherlands in 1977. Because we assess
change over multiple observations within and between individuals, we utilize hierarchical models to estimate gender and contextual
effects of marriage on criminal offending (i.e., any, violent, and property convictions). Overall, we find consistent support
for the idea that marriage reduces offending across gender and socio-historical context. Notably, we find that the reduction
in the odds of offending due to marriage is significantly greater for individuals in the most contemporary context. The implications
of these findings are discussed.
相似文献
Bianca E. BersaniEmail: |