有毒植物博落回的法医毒理学研究进展

有毒植物博落回全草有毒,主要含有血根碱、白屈菜红碱等生物碱,具有药用价值,但使用不当或误服可导致中毒甚至死亡。本文通过系统查阅和总结相关文献报道,从化学成分,毒性损伤作用,中毒剂量,相关案例中毒症状或尸体检验和毒物检测等方面对博落回的法医毒理学研究进展进行综述,展望了多组学技术在博落回毒性损伤机制研究中的应用前景,以期为有毒植物博落回的法医毒理学研究指明新方向,为博落回中毒案件的法医学鉴定提供参考。     

γ-羟基丁酸在急性中毒大鼠体液和组织中的检测及分布

目的建立生物检材中γ-羟基丁酸(GHB)的检测方法,研究GHB急性中毒大鼠体内GHB的分布,为GHB中毒的鉴定提供方法和评价依据。方法用GC/MS法检测生物检材中的GHB;以1000mg/kg剂量给大鼠灌胃使其染毒,分别于1h和3h处死,测定体液和组织中GHB的含量。结果测组织中内源性GHB的线性范围是1～20μg/g,R2=0.9974;测组织中外源性GHB的线性范围为100～1500μg/g,R2=0.9958。相对回收率为98%～103%。体内内源性GHB的含量均≤10μg/mL或10μg/g。尿液中GHB含量为最高,其他依次为:胃、血液、肠、肾、肺、脾、心、肝和脑。结论所建方法准确、便捷,适用于GHB中毒的鉴定;尿液是体内检测GHB的最佳检材。     

顶空色谱法测定解剖组织中的丁酮

本文研究了人体组织中丁酮的顶空色谱测定方法。该方法以丙酮为内标,测得丁酮在肝、肾、血样品中的添加回收率大于75%。最小检出量为1ppm。经对一丁酮中毒死者解剖组织测定,丁酮的含量为肝0. 06mg/g,肾0. 23mg/g,血0. 47mg/ml。     

马钱子中毒生物检材的毛细管电泳法分析

测定马钱子蓄积中毒死者胃内容和肝组织中马钱子碱成分含量。以标准马钱子碱和送检马钱子药材粉末作对照 ,采用毛细管电泳仪在 190～ 6 0 0nm波长 ,扫描分析检材中马钱子碱成分含量。结果表明 :马钱子碱成分在检材中的含量分别为 5 83mg/ 10 0ml、 4 92mg/ 10 0 g和 3 0 7% (w/w )。确认死者的胃内容、肝组织中的高含量马钱子碱而引起的中毒死亡。     

生物组织检材内异烟肼的薄层色谱扫描检测研究──附1例异烟肼中毒死亡者体内分布报告

改进血清中异烟肼的提取方法，建立了生物组织检材内异胭肼的提取和薄层色谱扫描检测方法，线性范围为2～32ug／ml或g，检出限为0．5ug／ml或g。l例异烟擀中毒死亡者体内异烟肼分布：肾31．6mg／100g、肝26．6mg／100g、脾22．1mg／100g、心21．3mg／100g、胃16．6mg／100g、脑15．5mg／100m、肺12．6mm／100g、小脑11．7mm／100g和10.5mm／100ml。     

染毒兔体内各脏器中立克命的含量及分布

本文用家兔作为实验动物,以25mg/kg 和100mg/kg 两个剂量给药,建立立克命中毒模型,观察染毒兔的中毒表现和解剖所见。兔内脏中的立克命含量用高效液相色谱法进行了测定。本文报导了观察所见和内脏中立克命的分布,并对所得结果进行了讨论。     

论间接故意犯罪的中止

为了从理论上更好地探讨间接故意犯罪是否存在未完成形态,首先让我们从一个案例入手。 被告人大学生王某因不满其好友江某对自己的疏远,蓄意报复,准备用化学实验室的有毒化学试剂硫酸亚铊"使其痛苦、难受"。为此,他到图书馆查阅了《毒理学》、《化学物资毒性大全》和《急性中毒急救》等书,了解了铊盐中毒的症状,同时得知铊盐的致死量8-14mg/kg。在偷到硫酸亚铊后,即于某日在江某的水杯中投了200mg硫酸亚铊,同时为验证硫酸亚铊的毒性,他把与其有过矛盾的本宿舍的陆     

动物试验在基层法医检案中的运用

动物试验在法医学领域,主要应用于法医毒理学及法医毒物分析的科学研究,通过对动物的研究解决一些毒物的毒理作用,本文所叙述的是在基层法医检案中,如何充分运用动物学试验为侦察服务,为刑事案件的初步定性。对于怀疑毒物中毒的刑事案件,在检材容许的情况下,先做动物学试验,通过动物的毒理学反应,初步确定是否有毒,及时为侦察提供线索。也为下一步送检提供了检验方向。动物试验在基层法医学检案中可以发挥重要的作用,尤其适用偏远山区。2002年某县发生一起14人中毒6人死亡的特大投毒杀人案件,当地人曾以为是瘟疫流行,搞得人心惶惶,技术人员…     

毛细管气相色谱法测定酱油中4-甲基咪唑的含量

目的建立毛细管气相色谱法定量分析酱油中有毒成分4-甲基咪唑的方法。方法酱油样品在层析柱中用二氯甲烷洗脱,洗脱液浓缩后加入N,N-二甲基苯胺作为内标,采用DB-FFAP毛细管柱分离样品,氮磷检测器测定4-甲基咪唑含量。结果方法线性范围为4.9~1.5×102μg/L;检测限为0.16μg/L;标准加入0.0102mg和0.0602mg 4-甲基咪唑的平均回收率为97.25%和99.44%。结论本文方法具有操作简便、快速、准确等优点,可用于检验酱油中的4-甲基咪唑。     

甲胺磷在犬体内的死后分布

目的建立甲胺磷的犬灌胃染毒致死模型,观察甲胺磷在犬体内的死后分布规律。方法犬经8倍LD50（7.4mg/kg）剂量甲胺磷灌胃后,观察其中毒症状,死亡后即刻解剖,分别取心、肝、脾、肺、肾、脑、右上肢肌、右下肢肌、胸肌、胃组织、心血、胆汁、玻璃体液和尿液,GC/MS和GC法检测其中甲胺磷含量。结果犬8倍LD50甲胺磷灌胃染毒后20min内出现中毒症状（,53.3±14.1）min死亡。各组织脏器及体液中甲胺磷含量由高到低分别为胃（99.84±0.87）μg/g、脾（46.87±28.67）μg/g、肝（43.82±22.74）μg/g、肾（43.79±29.04）μg/g、心血（35.36±13.98）μg/mL、肺（35.25±18.59）μg/g、尿34.81μg/mL、胸肌（19.23±17.18）μg/g、右上肢（16.92±8.98）μg/g、心（15.09±6.11）μg/g、右下肢（12.83±7.63）μg/g、脑（10.91±4.13）μg/g、胆汁（6.75±1.45）μg/mL、玻璃体液（6.22±4.97）μg/mL。结论甲胺磷在犬体内死后分布不均,胃、脾、肝、肾、心血、肺、尿检材中含量较高,可作为疑似甲胺磷中毒毒物分析的检材。     

Driving under the influence of chlormethiazole

This article describes a case of driving under the influence of the sedative-hypnotic-anticonvulsant drug chlormethiazole. The suspect, who was a physician, was driving dangerously on a busy highway and caused a traffic collision. When apprehended by the police, the man had bloodshot and glazed eyes and pupil size was enlarged. He could not answer the questions properly and his gait was unsteady. A roadside breath-alcohol screening test was positive but an evidential breath-alcohol test conducted about one hour later was below the legal limit for driving of 0.10 mg/L (10 microg/100 mL or 0.021 g/210 L). Because of the special circumstances of the traffic crash and the man's appearance and behaviour, the police suspected that drugs other than alcohol were involved and obtained a venous blood sample for toxicological analysis. The blood contained 0.23 mg/g alcohol, which is above the legal limit for driving in Sweden 0.20 mg/g (20 mg/100 mL or 0.020 g/100 mL), and codeine was also present at a therapeutic concentration of 0.02 mg/L. The conflict between the clinical signs of impairment and the toxicology report prompted a reanalysis of the blood sample with major focus on sedative-hypnotic drugs. Analysis by capillary GC-NPD identified chlormethiazole at a concentration of 5mg/L, the highest so far encountered in traffic cases in Sweden. In 13 other impaired driving cases over 10 years the mean (median) and range of concentrations of chlormethiazole were 1.6 mg/L (1.6 mg/L) and 0.3-3.3 mg/L. This case report underscores the need to consider clinical observations and the person's behaviour in relation to the toxicology report when interpreting and testifying in drug-impaired driving cases.     

Threshold values in toxicology - useful or not?

In many fields of toxicology, numbers are used as threshold values, e.g. as "acceptable daily intake values" resulting in maximum permissible concentrations in food or in animal feed by using "safety factors"; maximal admissible concentrations of toxic substances in the air at the workplace; cut-off values in analytical toxicology; limit values for biological specimens in the case of driving under the influence of drugs, guidance values for environmental specimens, etc. The philosophy behind these values must be well understood and they should only be applied to real cases by persons with enough toxicological background. The bad use of these numbers in toxicology can have dramatic consequences. Especially in regulatory toxicology their use should be made with great care. Moreover, tremendous improvements in analytical methodology, e.g. the decreasing of the limits of detection for many potentially toxic substances in recent years, should not end up in an overestimation of risks to humans. To avoid these abuses careful interpretations of analytical findings by qualified toxicologists are of paramount importance. The use and abuse of some of these threshold values will be outlined in several applications from analytical toxicology, risk assessment issues, forensic toxicology in post-mortem cases, as well as from the drugs and driving cases. Generally, if threshold values are considered as guidance values and not as the "absolute truth" in toxicology, they may be very useful in the interpretation of toxicology data.     

Postmortem forensic toxicology of trazodone

Trazodone is a popular antidepressant medication that has been available for approximately 30 years. It has a reputation as a safe drug with relatively few reported fatalities attributed solely to it. We review the pharmacology and forensic toxicology of trazodone and report toxicology and cause and manner of death in a series of 37 deaths in which trazodone was detected. Although the normal upper therapeutic blood concentration for trazodone is about 2 mg/L, fatalities are rarely attributed solely to it at blood concentrations below 9 mg/L. Considering the pharmacology of the drug, potential interactions between other drugs with serotonin reuptake properties need to be considered, as does the increased susceptibility to the toxic effects in patients with pre-existing heart disease. In the cases reviewed, none were attributed solely to trazodone, although trazodone was frequently present together with other serotonergic drugs, such as the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors like fluoxetine and sertraline. Ten cases had blood trazodone concentrations above 2 mg/L. Of these cases, trazodone played a primary role in the death of three subjects, with blood concentrations all greater than 9 mg/L. We confirm the conclusions of others that trazodone is a relatively safe drug except in massive overdose, although its toxicity may be influenced by the presence of other drugs and underlying pathophysiology.     

毛发中GHB的检测及评价

目的探索毛发中外源性GHB的检测及判断的可行性,为涉GHB的鉴定提供方法和依据。方法建立毛发中GHB的GC/MS分析方法,并通过动物实验,考察毛发中内源性GHB的质量分数范围、外源性GHB在毛发中的时间过程以及给药剂量、毛发颜色与毛发中GHB的质量分数关系。结果豚鼠和中国人黑色毛发中内源性GHB质量分数分别为(3.01±1.41)ng/mg(n=28)和(1.02±0.27)ng/mg(n=20);摄GHB后毛发中GHB质量分数明显增加且与给药剂量呈正相关性;GHB在毛干中呈窄带分布;深色毛发中GHB质量分数高于浅色毛发。结论毛发中GHB的检测适用于GHB滥用和中毒的法医毒物学鉴定;根据毛发中的GHB质量分数和毛发分段分析可判断GHB的来源。     

Methanol intoxication: distribution in postmortem tissues and fluids including vitreous humor

A 44-year-old man was found unconscious beneath an elevated rapid transit right-of-way. On admission to the emergency room, the patient was comatose in metabolic acidosis with high anion and osmolal gaps. The serum methanol was 583 mg/dL. The serum ethanol and ethylene glycol were negative. The patient was treated with ethanol, bicarbonate, and hemodialysis. He expired 40 h after admission. The postmortem methanol concentrations in body fluids were as follows: bile 175 mg/dL, vitreous humor 173 mg/dL, and blood 142 mg/dL. Urine was not available for analysis. Postmortem methanol concentrations in body tissues are given in decreasing order: brain 159 mg/100 g, kidney 130 mg/100 g, lung 127 mg/100 g, spleen 125 mg/100 g, skeletal muscle 112 mg/100 g, pancreas 109 mg/100 g, liver 107 mg/100 g, and heart 93 mg/100 g. The total amount of methanol in the gastric contents was 73 mg. Methanol determinations were performed on a Hewlett-Packard 5840A gas chromatograph with flame ionization detection using a glass column packed with 0.2% Carbowax 1500 on Carbopack C. The internal standard used was n-propyl alcohol.     

Toxicological findings in deaths due to ingestion of pentazocine: A report of two cases

Two cases of fatal suicidal ingestion of pentazocine are presented. Toxicological findings in these deaths are compared to those of twelve similar pentazocine fatalities gleaned from various compilation of toxicology data. Pentazocine blood and liver concentrations in the presented cases were 3.3 and 9.2 mg/l, and 34 and 43 mg/kg, respectively. Blood and liver concentrations in references cases ranged from 0.8 – 38 mg/l and 3 – 197 mg/kg, respectively. The interpretation of toxicology findings following the ingestion of pentazocine is discussed.     

MDMA心肌毒性的法医毒理学研究进展

3,4-亚甲基二氧基甲基苯丙胺(MDMA)是近年来在全世界,特别是亚洲地区公共娱乐场所流行性滥用的"摇头丸"的主要药物成分。MDMA主要作用于人体神经系统从而表现出各种神经系统症状。目前的实验研究发现,MDMA对人体多个系统具有毒性作用,其中对心血管系统的毒性损害作用较为显著。本文就近年来针对MDMA心肌毒性机制的法医毒理学研究进展进行综述,为进一步深入研究提供理论信息。     

Detection of methamphetamine in mouse femurs exposed to high temperature

Bone samples are valuable for examining the cause of death and circumstance leading up to death when body fluids are not available for forensic toxicological analysis. Examined were heat-induced changes in methamphetamine and amphetamine concentrations in femurs removed from methamphetamine-injected mice to determine if the burned bones could be used for toxicology testing. The femurs were heated at 100°C, 300°C, or 500°C for 10 or 30 min. The tissue structure of the heated femurs was preserved at 100°C for 30 min but was destructed at higher temperatures. Methamphetamine and amphetamine were detected in femurs heated at 100°C for 10 min, 100°C for 30 min, and 300°C for 10 min (with methamphetamine and amphetamine concentrations ranging from 0.36 to 35 μg/g and 0.54 to 47 μg/g, respectively). Methamphetamine and amphetamine were detectable when heated above their decomposition temperature as a result of limited heat transfer do to protection provide by the femoral muscle. Thus, the bone could be a useful analytical sample in cases of burn-related deaths, where it is difficult to collect body fluids.     

Suicide by sodium tetraoxoselenate(VI) poisoning

Selenium is one of the most toxic elements necessary for the life of mammals. Only a narrow range separates therapeutic (connected with a protective effect) and toxic doses. Selenium incorporated into animal or human tissues in larger amounts can exceed normal human levels and may be toxic (only elemental selenium and selenium sulphide are poorly absorbed). Acute poisonings with selenium or its compounds, especially fatal ones, occur extremely rarely in humans. Levels of selenium in four fatal cases are reviewed, and the levels in a fatal poisoning with sodium tetraoxoselenate(VI) are evaluated. Postmortem tissue selenium contents in the latter case were the following: brain, 1.45 and 1.60 microg/g; stomach, 6.12 and 6.37 microg/g; small intestine, 4.37 and 4.13 microg/g; large intestine, 4.53 and 4.43 microg/g; liver, 4.20 and 4.35 microg/g; kidney, 3.35 and 3.60 microg/g; lung, 1.80 and 1.60 microg/g; blood, 1.43 and 1.41 microg/ml measured by the use of ETA-AAS and fluorimetric methods, respectively.