Ironies of inclusion: social class and deinstitutionalization

This paper discusses changes in the social organization of mental institutionalization as they relate to developments in the wider social and economic environment. Despite dramatic changes in the system of inpatient psychiatric care during the last three decades, the historic division of labor between the private and the public system (with the latter treating the poor, the unemployed, and the nonwhite) has not ceased to exist. At the same time, under the influence of the postwar trend towards greater political integration of disadvantaged and marginal groups into society's central value systems, treatment of the mentally ill has become less segregated and more voluntary. An important implication of these two interacting trends--the changed legal position of the patient vis-à-vis the provider and the deteriorating economic position of the user of public psychiatric facilities--has been the exceeding irrelevance of one of the basic tenets of psychiatric care: that clinical treatment precedes social functioning. With two vignettes of chronic patients the article illustrates how symptoms and survival are fused in the contemporary, inclusionary system of care.     

集团诉讼问题研究——一个比较法社会学的分析

集团诉讼是当代世界共同关注的重要的法律和政治问题。然而,各国对于集团诉讼的态度、政策、制度设计和实践却是千差万别,显示出多元化的趋势。本文以功能主义分析方法探讨了通过不同的法律制度解决这一相同的时代课题的可能;分析了当代世界各国解决群体性纠纷和集团诉讼问题上的差别及其原因,从政治和司法体制、诉讼文化、法律技术与传统、社会经济发展程度以及法律职业等角度比较了集团诉讼运作的社会条件和移植的可能性;并指出了经济全球化背景下集团诉讼问题的重要性及各国应有的政策立场。本文将解决中国群体性纠纷的问题意识贯穿始终,主张充分考虑社会现实,避免简单移植某一种集团诉讼制度并依赖其解决各种群体性纠纷,而应以一种多元化的思路应对纠纷解决的社会需求和经济全球化的挑战。     

Morality, social norms and the rule of law as transaction cost-saving devices: the case of ancient Athens

The importance of the institutional framework for economic development is widely accepted today and it is duly stressed in the economic literature. The protection of property rights, the enforcement of contracts and an efficient legal system are the pillars of the contemporary rule of law. However, formal institutions cannot function without being internalized by the citizens and without the strong backing of social norms. Morality and social norms are the major elements of the informal institutional structure, the social capital, which is also critical for social welfare and economic development. In this paper we will discuss both the formal and the informal institutional framework of Ancient Athens, which was a free market society with economic problems similar to contemporary market societies. Athenians developed a highly sophisticated legal framework for the protection of private property, the enforcement of contracts and the efficient resolution of disputes. Such an institutional framework functioned effectively, cultivating trust and protecting the security of transactions. This entire system however was based on social norms such as reciprocity, the value of reputation and widely accepted business ethics. Conformity to social norms as well as moral behavior was fostered by social sanction mechanisms (such as stigma) and moral education. The Athenian example is a further proof of the importance of morality and social norms as transaction cost-saving devices even in quite sophisticated legal systems. Their absence or decline leads inevitably to the need for more regulation and litigation and to a growing preference for clear-cut rules instead of discretionary standards. Athenian law was pioneering in the development of rules and institutional mechanisms suitable for the reduction of transaction costs, many of them surviving in the most complex contemporary legal systems.     

Forgetting the First Amendment: How Obscurity-Based Privacy and a Right to Be Forgotten Are Incompatible with Free Speech

The privacy of personal information on the Internet has received special attention recently in both the United States and the European Union, and legislative and regulatory proposals regarding the reform privacy law abound. This article examines several prominent theories that undergird the American First Amendment and attempts to demonstrate that the concept of a privacy interest arising out of the obscurity of information, as a social normative principle, and the right to be forgotten, as a legal mechanism concerned with the European idea of dignity-based privacy, are fundamentally at odds with the right of freedom of speech.     

From Limited Realism to Plural Law. Normative Approach versus Cultural Perspective

Soft law, alternatives, informal conflict settlement procedures, are all the daily fare of legal sociologists who accept pluralism as part and parcel of the legal scene. Not so legal dogmatics, however, whose legal experts are still loath to think in terms of legal pluralism. For legal dogmatics, the "modern" theory of the State and its legal system—a theory forming the plinth of our Western concept of laws and rights—is founded on a pyramidal structure of legal norms and the exclusive validity of the laws created by the State. As a result, no given social system can formally allow several legal norms proposing different interpretations of the same matter to exist at the same time. In our "monocentrist" Western tradition of law and the State, pluralism is in oddity, an anachronism.     

传统诉讼观念之怪圈--"无讼"、"息讼"、"厌讼"之内在逻辑

“和谐”、“无讼”是传统法律文化的基本价值取向 ,它是在中国特定的农业文化背景下产生的 ,后又被历代统治者所巧妙运用 ,以“息讼”的方式来达到其统治目的 ,以致于理想出现异化并走向极端 ,“厌讼”心理便是典型的例证。“厌讼”不仅是传统中国的普遍现象 ,也是今天困扰整个法制现代化的问题 ,试从传统观念和制度背景出发 ,对这种现象作出一个恰当的解释 ,以便使我国的诉讼制度找到最好的出路。     

Giving and Getting Respect: Prestige and Stratification in a legal Elite

This article focuses on the corporate actor elite of Chicago's legal community—those attorneys who practice law with and for the major business, social, civic, and cultural organizations in the city. A continuation of a previous article, this article focuses on the differential allocation of professional respect made within that elite. Specifically, the discussion centers on the "second-class citizenship" in the legal community to which elite house counsel are relegated by elite partners in private law firms.
The first half of the article probes the social bases for that stigma. Examining a number of alternative explanations, it offers most support to one based on differences in the educational preparations of the respondents, to the effect that house counsel attended less prestigious law schools and performed less outstandingly at these schools than did firm partners at theirs. In the concluding half of the article, the effects of the stigma on elite social cohesion and commonality of purpose are examined. What emerges from this analysis is the finding that the house counsel stigma—strongly felt as it may be by all concerned—nevertheless generates no lasting lines of social cleavage within the corporate actor legal elite.     

个人与国家之间:当代法文化的价值观

法文化的价值问题属于“法统”范畴,它是任何时代的法文化必然具备的一个核心问题.当代中国提出的社会主义核心价值体系是研究当代法文化之价值问题的一个理论前提,从社会主义核心价值体系中可以解读出与法文化的价值问题息息相关的概念组合,这就是个人和国家的关系.当代法文化之“法统”既不应该是单纯的个人主义,也不是单纯的国家主义,而必然是个人与国家的有机统一,但要统一于具体语境之中,就需要引入实践智慧的概念.当代法文化的“法统”所依据的理性基础是关系理性,这种理性形态在传统中国法文化以及马克思主义理论中都有良好的思想支撑.     

论司法和谐的困境与前景：从法社会学角度

本文从司法和谐的基本内容入手,论述了在当代我国经济、政治、社会全面发展的背景下,实现司法和谐的现实困境,即＂特权文化＂心理促使人们追求逃避法规的特权,泛行政化的权力结构不利于实现司法公正,社会利益冲突加剧使司法和谐变得困难,社会价值多元化让司法活动受到更多拷问,从法社会学角度展望了我国＂司法和谐＂的前景。     

捍卫权利模式——个人信息保护中的公共性与权利

个人信息权和个人信息受保护权是两种相对立的模式,学界通常认为个人信息权赋予个人排他性的支配权,这与个人信息的公共性相矛盾。个人信息的公共性并不必然反对权利模式。一种广义的公共性包含着个人信息所负载的公共利益,个人信息的公开化也是网络时代个人和商业交往的必要前提,但这并不意味着要否定个人信息保护的权利模式。公共利益具有多样性,正是某些公共利益支持了权利。权利所蕴涵的主张权确保了人的尊严和自由,这也是个人信息保护法的立法宗旨;个人信息受保护权做不到这一点,它不具有义务指向性。但在立法模式上,个人信息保护法要以义务性规范或禁止性规范为主,这是由网络空间个人信息的性质决定的。     

Legal Irritants: Good Faith in British Law or How Unifying Law Ends Up in New Divergencies

Legal transplant is an unsatisfactory metaphor for describing the transfer of legal rules from one legal system to another. Instead, the metaphor of legal irritant better describes the impact on the legal system, and then a distinction between tight and loose coupling between law and its social context better explains the trajectory of social effects. The example of the importation of the civil law concept of good faith into British law illustrates the co-evolving trajectories of the legal system and tightly coupled social systems which instead of furthering harmonisation of laws produces new divergences as their unintended consequences.     

中国法治的热望和阻滞——全球化与乡土化

在全球化的整体背景下,法律领域掀起了全球法治化与法律全球化的热潮,本文认为:对于提出并贯彻“依法治国”的当代中国,加入这种全球化运动的渴望和实践是法律在这片土地上实施、运作的动力之一。然而,由中国社会的历史原因和现实原因所造成的“乡土化”法治障碍却成为对抗“法治全球化”的一股暗流。要调和这种矛盾,焕发法律的生命力,最佳选择正是构建强调“和谐”的现代化法治社会。“和”的哲学思维和方法论既是中国传统价值理念在当代的回归,也为处理好全球化和乡土化的关系提供了方向和途径。     

法律控制技术与社会正义的冲突──罗伯特·维纳的法律通讯控制模型及其悖论

本文将罗伯特·维纳关于法律与通迅关系的研究概括为法律通讯控制 模型,其中包括：通讯控制模型。法律调控技术、法庭审判模型等主要方面。同时,对其理 论结构中的隐含的矛盾进行了分析,并提出了“罗伯特·维纳悻论”的概念。“维纳悖论” 的贡献在于揭示了法律原型的非正义性和欺骗性,是对现实法律制度的挑战。     

论转型社会中的中国农村集体土地权利制度变革——兼评《物权法》的相关规定

当代中国农村集体土地权利制度存在所有权与所有制关系混同、使用权与所有权权能趋同、权利关系与权力关系混同、私法缺位和公法越位以及功能错位等问题,因而在社会转型过程中受到极大的挑战.以土地所有制与土地所有权相分离为原则,对现行集体土地所有制进行股份制改造,在土地价值形态上实行农民集体所有制,变农民为股东,实现公平的价值追求;在土地实物形态上建立"集体法人所有权"制度,变农民集体组织为集体法人组织,实现效率的价值追求,这是当代中国集体土地权利制度改革模式的最优选择.     

从民族性格看日本的法制变革

在世界法制史苑里,日本的法制变革是非常显著的：古代法制隶属中华法系,近代法制则属大陆法系,而现代法制吸收英美法成分,兼属两大法系。这种法制变革与日本的民族性格之间存在一定的关联。日本是一个单一民族的岛国,在漫长的历史发展过程中,汇聚形成自己独特的民族性格：善于学习国外的优秀文化,富于模仿先进的社会制度,易于顺应最新的时代潮流。这些性格特征决定了日本法制变革的路径和模式,使日本法在当代世界的法律体系当中别具一格。     

A Reasonable Balance of Law and Sentiment: Social Order in Democratic Taiwan from the Policeman's Point of View

Taiwan's political democratization has engendered a contradiction in its legal regime: consolidation of rule of law at the macro-institutional level is matched by the persistent marginalization of legal authority in ground-level social practices. This article uses an ethnographic study of neighborhood police to explore certain practical and structural elements involved in maintaining this contradictory sociopolitical order. I examine some of the processes through which state authority is invoked and applied to the policing of public space, focusing on the ideals of legitimacy that animate these processes. The argument of the article is that historical and cultural factors embodied in contemporary Taiwan's "idea of police"—exemplified in the trope of a balance between reason, law, and sentiment—are crucial to understanding how solidification of the rule of law within state institutions is kept within the boundaries of a social sensibility that does not take law as the last word.     

遗产归扣制度的理论、制度构成及其本土化

从民法制度的发展与流变过程中可以看出,遗产归扣制度是一项历史悠久且饱含社会价值的法律制度。但是,我国现行法律尚未对其做出明确的规定。遗产归扣制度是法律拟制理论在立法中的运用,该理论完好地维护了家庭伦理关系,解决了整体性正义和个人自由之间的冲突。它的伦理性与我国婚姻家庭法的价值理念和社会现实有着极高的切合性,完全可以依我国民众的生活习惯和生活实际在继承立法中进行本土化改造后予以移植。     

The Possibility and Value of Coherence

It would seem axiomatic that the law should be coherent in the sense that it should be consistent and correspond to an underlying justificatory rationale. Indeed, coherence would appear to be a good, in and of itself, and give rise to other benefits which are desirable in a legal system. In this article, I explore the value and achievability of coherence. I argue that it is largely inevitable that common law legal systems are not coherent, but that each legal system will comprise areas of coherence. I examine whether it is possible to improve coherence through legislation or adjudication but conclude that any coherence attained through the former may be temporary and achieving coherence through the latter is difficult both in principle and in practice. In looking at the value of coherence, I contend that while coherence may have various intrinsic and instrumental benefits, its value should not be overstated; many of the benefits which coherence is said to provide are present in legal systems where it is lacking; other benefits depend on the awareness of a country’s citizens and I suggest that, outside of extremes, citizens are probably unaware of the degree to which their legal system is coherent. Moreover, full coherence may lead to characteristics which are undesirable in a legal system.     

调解、诉讼与公正——对现代自由社会和儒家传统的反思

调解作为一种解决纷争的做法和制度 ,是我国传统法律文化尤其是儒家法律文化的重要部分。在现代法治社会中 ,调解否已经过时 ?本文首先介绍中国的调解传统的哲学基础、理论和实践 ,然后从现代自由主义和法治理想的角度 ,对传统的调解提出批判。本文进而指出 ,调解在当代的中国以至西方仍有顽强的生命力 ,西方学者对调解作为“解决纠纷的另类选择”之一提出了多种理论依据 ,其中不少与儒家传统的睿见不谋而合。本文的结论是 ,经过“创造性转化”后的调解理论与实践能对现代文明作出贡献 ,由此可见 ,传统文化遗产在现代仍是十分宝贵和有用的资源。