用chelex-100提取骨骼DNA的研究

建立了应用chelex-100加蛋白酶K提取骨骼DNA的方法,并对1～30年31例骨骼进行了实验.该方法操作简单、快速、重复性好,灵敏度以及阳性率高,适用于法医学鉴定.     

陈旧骨骼及牙齿的性别检验

为分析陈旧骨骼及牙齿的性别，建立了从陈旧人骨骼和牙齿中提出DNA的方法。通过PCR技术扩增，得到X－Y染色体上的单拷贝同源基因片断（AmelogeninGene）。结果显示，从死亡后2年、4年、7年和10年的4个骨骼和牙齿样品中，均成功地获得了特异的PCR扩增片段。女性为单一的106bp条带，男性为106bp和112bp两条谱带。其快速、简单、可靠，为陈旧骨骼和牙齿的性别鉴定提供了方法。     

Dead weight: Validation of mass regression equations on experimentally burned skeletal remains to assess skeleton completeness

In very fragmentary remains, the thorough inventory of skeletal elements is often impossible to accomplish. Mass has been used instead to assess the completeness of the skeleton. Two different mass-based methods of assessing skeleton completeness were tested on a sample of experimentally burned skeletons with the objective of determining which of them is more reliable. The first method was based on a simple comparison of the mass of each individual skeleton with previously published mass references. The second method was based on mass linear regressions from individual bones to estimate complete skeleton mass. The clavicle, humerus, femur, patella, metacarpal, metatarsal and tarsal bones were used. The sample was composed of 20 experimentally burned skeletons from 10 males and 10 females with ages-at-death between 68 and 90 years old. Results demonstrated that the regression approach is more objective and more reliable than the reference comparison approach even though not all bones provided satisfactory estimations of the complete skeleton mass. The femur, humerus and patella provided the best performances among the individual bones. The estimations based on the latter had root mean squared errors (RMSE) smaller than 300 g. Results demonstrated that the regression approach is quite promising although the patella was the only reasonable predictor expected to survive sufficiently intact to a burning event at high temperatures. The mass comparison approach has the advantage of not depending on the preservation of individual bones. Whenever bones are intact though, the application of mass regressions should be preferentially used because it is less subjective.     

Identification of a skeleton using DNA from teeth and a PAP smear.

Identification of unknown living or deceased persons using dental treatment records is an established forensic technique. However, some cases remain unidentified, especially when antemortem dental records are not available for comparison to postmortem dental records. Cytological smears have been previously reported to be potential sources of DNA reference samples which can be compared to DNA recovered from found human remains. The case described here involves an adult skeleton which exhibited extensive, complex dental restorative treatment. A putative identification of the found skeleton as a missing woman was established using circumstantial evidence found at the scene. However, it became important to establish a positive identification using reliable scientific methods. When it was discovered that antemortem dental records were not available because the treatment was completed in another country and the treating dentist could not be found, cytological smears stained with Papanicolaou (PAP) stain obtained from the putative decedent's medical records were used as a reference DNA sample. DNA was recovered from the teeth of the skeleton using cryogenic grinding. Comparison of the genotypes resulted in the conclusion that the DNA originated from the same source. The use of PAP smears in this way is seen as a valuable resource in cases where positive identification using traditional dental and medical records is not possible.     

大鼠肌肉挫伤c—fos的表达

目的研究原癌基因c-fos的表达与肌肉挫伤的关系。方法50只SD大鼠随机的分为实验组和对照组,用免疫组化SP法观察大鼠肌肉挫伤后c-fos蛋白表达。结果随着损伤经过时间的延长,c-fos蛋白表达强度以及阳性面积增加,损伤后15min出现阳性信号,1h达到高峰,1d后恢复正常表达水平。结论原癌基因c-fos表达的检测可作为推断肌肉挫伤时间的指标之一。     

一种改良骨骼DNA的提取方法

采用十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(简称CTAB)及两次纯化浓缩的方法提取骨骼DNA,利用荧光标记复合扩增、自动毛细管电泳与分型的技术,成功检测到14个STR位点的分型.该方法稳定、结果可靠,为严重降解骨骼DNA的提取提供了一种可参用的方法.     

A Four‐Stage Method of Age at Death Estimation for Use in the Subadult Rib Cortex*,†

Abstract: Age estimation in the subadult skeleton can be rather precise when the epiphyses and dentition are present, but incomplete or commingled remains still present a challenge. Histomorphometric age‐at‐death estimation methods developed for use on adults are based on the age‐associated accumulation of osteons. In the growing skeleton, there is a poor correlation between osteon numbers and age until the latter half of the second decade. As a result, there has been no histological aging method for use in subadults. The analysis of the rib cortex of 72 subadults ranging in age from 2 to 21 years has identified a series of developmental changes in the bone microstructure that can be used to estimate age. This qualitative method utilizes the systematic changes in rib cortical morphology to classify ribs into one of four age phases. This method can be applied to immature skeletons in forensic, archaeological, and paleontological contexts.     

The mathematical versus anatomical methods of stature estimate from long bones

The mathematical and anatomical methods of estimating living stature from long limb bones are discussed. In forensic cases, when one has a nearly complete skeleton, the anatomical method is preferable to the mathematical method. The anatomical method may also be used to derive stature estimation equations in samples where living statures or cadaver lengths are unavailable, such as some dissection hall and museum collections.     

Application of the discriminant analysis for the assessment of human somatotype using the long bones of extremities

Measurements were made on the basis of the osteological collection of the chair for anthropology, Moscow State University (70 cases), and on the basis of a series of skeletons (10 cases) from among burial places of the Novospassk Monastery (males aged above 18-20). Eleven sizes of Martin program (length, diaphysis circumference and epiphysis width) were fixed onto the humerus, radial, femoral and shin bones. Simultaneously, the development of the osseous relief elements in the above bones (a total of 18 signs in each skeleton) was evaluated by Fedosova program. The data was processed by SPSS. Discriminative analysis was used as a basis to work out a diagnostic model that can be used to determine a somatotype by the humerus, radial and femoral bones. The classification accuracy is 75%. The method should be applied in those cases, when the appropriate bones are available. If the available combination of bones is different from the above, the routine method is recommended for use, i.e. determination of a somatotype by the skeleton massiveness.     

Study of the skeleton of Admiral F. F. Ushakov

Reports the results of examination of the skeleton of Admiral F. F. Ushakov, carried out in connection with canonization in the Russian Orthodox Church. Heretofore unknown data on the somatic characteristics of F. F. Ushakov and his diseases are presented. Special attention is paid to uneven age involution of the skeleton and the hypoergic aging velocity. A detailed morphological similarity between the skulls of F. F. Ushakov and monk Feodor (Admiral's uncle, I. I. Ushakov) evidenced common features inherited through the masculine line. Modern computer technologies showed that the appearance of F. F. Ushakov, determined by the skull and postcranial skeleton, agree with his appearance on the life-time portrait, in spite of Professor M. M. Gerasimov's opinion (1949). In this connection, the possibility of repeated reconstruction of Admiral Ushakov's appearance is proven.     

False‐Positive Results with Amylase Testing of Citrus Fruits

In a case of robbery in which the criminals passed through the garden adorned with calamondin trees (Citrus madurensis), the investigators found in the grass six calamondin fruits, some undamaged, while others apparently bitten. The fruits were collected and sent to the laboratory for DNA analysis to verify the presence of saliva and robbers' DNA profile. A specific immunochromatographic strip test for saliva confirmed the presence of human salivary α‐amylase, but similar positive results were also observed for intact calamondin and other citrus fruits. Further analysis with a specific automated amylase test confirmed the absence of amylase activity. DNA quantification and typing using a specific forensic kit revealed no human DNA presence in any fruits. This case report demonstrates for the first time the occurrence of false positives when human saliva is sought on citrus fruits.     

Determination of sex by discriminant function analysis and stature by regression analysis: a lateral cephalometric study

Determination of sex and estimation of stature from the skeleton is vital to medicolegal investigations. In the present study, an attempt is made to determine sex and estimate stature of an individual using data derived from lateral cephalogram in Central Indian population. Skull is composed of hard tissue and is the best preserved part of skeleton after death, hence, in many cases it is the only available part for forensic examination. Lateral cephalogram is ideal for the skull examination as it gives details of various anatomical points in a single radiograph, also it easily provides architectural and morphological details of skull superstructures and intra-cranial details for comparisons. A discriminant function derived from 10 cephalometric variables provided 99% reliability in sex determination. The formulae obtained from regression analysis using the maximum length of skull showed very high degree of reliability for estimation of stature in males as well as females.     

Skeletal findings in historical beheadings in the Bern canton

The skeleton of a decapitated buried in historical times (before 1798) is compared with the anatomical findings on cervical vertebrae from the last seven decapitated individuals on Bernese territory (19th century).     

Irradiation in the production, processing, and handling of food. Final rule

The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is amending the food additive regulations to provide for the safe use of a carbon dioxide laser for etching information on the surface of fresh, intact citrus fruit. This action is in response to a petition filed by Durand-Wayland, Inc.     

Titian's secret: comparison of Eleonora Gonzaga della Rovere's skull with the Uffizi portrait

The present paper describes the study of a skeleton, kept at the Church of Santa Chiara in Urbino, Italy. Traditionally, this skeleton was thought to be that of the Duchess Eleonora Gonzaga della Rovere (1493-1550), but suspicion exists as to whether or not the remains might belong to another important personage of the Urbino Renaissance, Battista Sforza (1447-1472). Here, external observation of the skull and odontological examination of the mandible were conducted in an attempt to clarify the identity. Age estimates of the skeleton were found to be consistent with the age at death of Eleonora but not with that of Battista. Craniofacial superimposition using the portrait of Eleonora Gonzaga by Titian (Galleria degli Uffizi, Florence) shows that the face of Eleonora matches the skull fairly closely except for the length of the nose. The historical record and the age matching appear to provide strong evidence that the remains are those of Eleonora, and the discrepancies in the superimposition may suggest that the artist altered the dimension of the Duchess' nose, possibly to make the portrait correspond to his canons of classical beauty. The results highlight the potential of forensic methods as a key to understand the work of earlier painters.     

Determination of age based on the skeleton

A skeleton is reported that was found 40-100 cm under the surface of the earth; the light, porous bones had partially fallen to pieces. The most remarkable point was the discrepancy between the age of the bone and that of the teeth: based on the bones, the age of the living human being was about 30-40 years; on the basis of the teeth, however, the person was much older. The matter was cleared up with the help of a neck chain that was a precursor to the torques worn by the Celts; thus the skeleton was about 2500 years old. As the teeth were worn down much more through more use in prehistoric times than they are today, the age of the living person is likely to be the bone age, which was about 35 years.     

联合应用多个DNA位点进行尸源鉴定

目的　研究联合应用多个DNA位点在尸源鉴定方面的应用价值。方法　应用聚合酶链反应(PCR)、聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳分离及银染显带的方法通过对无名尸体的有关检材与可疑双亲或子女进行亲权鉴定。结果　在 80例刑事案件尸源鉴定中 ,38例无名尸体采用较新鲜肌肉 ,通过扩增VNTR、STR多个位点得以判明尸源 ;2 9例采用腐败肌肉、 6例采用骨骼和 2例采用牙齿 ,通过扩增多个STR位点判明了尸源。仅有 1例采用腐败肌肉、 2例采用骨骼未能确定尸源。结论　运用多个位点进行亲权方法可以准确地判明尸源鉴定 ,特别对高度腐败尸体、尸块不全等情况下的尸源鉴定具有很高的实用价值