From development by effects to development by contexts via communication

The vision shared by most development scholars and practitioners today is for beneficiary driven development, the impediment and the means to which both lie with communication. The debate concerns the communication approach that would best realise this vision. This paper examines and critically comments on two major approaches, Development Communication and Development Support Communication, though it argues for neither of these. Rather, it draws on the 'Another Development-Another Communication' paradigm and proposes a Participatory Communication approach, which both resonates in people's own moral values, conforms to the reality of many communities in Africa, and offers better prospects of achieving beneficiary-driven development.     

Terror mandated by god

Religion's renewed political presence on a global scale is often accompanied by violence ‐ in part because of the nature of religion and its claims for power over life in death; in part due to the nature of secular politics, which places its own legitimacy on the currency of weapons and can only be challenged successfully on a military level; and in part due to the nature of political violence. The symbolic power of violence can be a valuable commodity for religious as well as for political forces. Through violence, the proponents of a religious ideology like Aum Shinrikyo remind the populace of the godly power that makes their ideology potent, and at times religious activists create man‐made incidents of terror on God's behalf.     

Changes Brought by Reflection

Feng: A number of changes have taken place in Europe after reflection, such as specific anti-terrorist measures, progress in the construction of integration, changes in the structure of political forces and adjustments in the EU foreign policy. Would you make some comments first, Dr. Sun? ……     

宠物传播的人兽共患病

人兽共患病就是既能感染人类 ,又能感染动物的传染病和寄生虫病。截至目前 ,全世界共发现人兽共患病 4 39种 ,国内发现的人兽共患病也多达196种。随着人类文明进程的发展和生活水平的不断提高 ,人类与动物的关系越来越密切 ,许多人将各种小动物 (包括鸟类 )作为宠物饲养与观赏     

Opening Remarks by CICIR President

Ladies and Gentlemen, Old Friends, New Friends and Good Friends, Good evening! In the hospitable warmth of the early summer,we have the honor of gathering together eminent scholars and renowned experts on Afghanistan studies on this occasion of the 2nd CICIR Forum.Taking the agenda as our theme,academics both at home and abroad will contribute to frank discussions and in-depth exchanges on the future of Afghanistan and regional cooperation.On behalf of the China Institutes of Contemporary International Relations (CICIR),I hereby extend our warmest welcome to you all.     

Conflict reduction by mutual disengagement

This study attempts to discover what variables, if any, will induce opponents to cooperate. The author isolated 12 independent variables and grouped the first five together in his refined model as variable 6. The remaining variables are: worthlessness, supervision, conspicuousness, previous neutralization, absence of internal segmentation, military potential, and tradition as a neutral. Analysis was limited to bivariate relationships between the independent and dependent variables (i.e., possible outcomes). Cases tested included examples from the outbreak of World War I to the present. The author discovered that disengagement would most likely succeed in a geographically and ideologically distinct Country, one previously neutralized, that had little military value, a politically organized population, and some military capacity. The most unpromising candidate would lack clearcut ethnic borders, internal homogeneity, and political unity. Disengagement, while no panacea, offers the advantage of many opening moves in a conflict reduction situation.     

My Country,My Country,directed by Laura Poitras,produced by Jocelyn Glatzer and Laura Poitras Iraq in Fragments,directed by James Longley,produced by John Sinno and James Longley

A new form of “entertaining news,” accessed by most through television, has become a privileged domain of politics for the first time in countries “beyond the West” in the Middle East, Africa, and Asia. What are the political consequences of this development: What is the relationship between media and politics in these regions? We answer these questions through a case study of India, the world's largest democracy, where two decades of media expansion and liberalization have yielded the largest number of commercial television news outlets in the world. We show why prevailing theories of media privatization and commercialization cannot account for the distinctive architecture of media systems in places like India. In this article, we first provide an overview of the historical and contemporary dynamics of media liberalization in India and the challenges that this poses to existing models and typologies of the media-politics relationship. We then present a new typology of media systems and a theoretical framework for studying the relationship between television news and democratic politics in India, and by extension in the global South. In the concluding section, we reflect on the broader comparative insights of the essay and discuss directions for future research. We believe that our alternative comparative framework captures more meaningfully the diversity and complexity of emerging media systems and their relationships to democratic practice in these regions.     

肺泡巨噬细胞在猪链球菌2型引致肺炎过程中的作用

为探明肺巨噬细胞在猪链球菌2型(Streptococcus suis type 2,SS2)引致肺炎过程中发挥的作用,用SS2体外感染4周龄SPF巴马小型猪肺泡巨噬细胞(porcine alveolar macrophage,PAM),首先以10倍递增的SS2∶PAM感染比(MOI)分别为1∶10～1 000∶1感染12h;其次以MOI=100∶1分别感染1、2、4、6、12、24h,ELISA检测三种主要炎性细胞因子TNF-α、IL-1和IL-6的质量浓度及动态变化,同时光镜观察PAM的形态变化。结果显示,三种细胞因子具有相似的动态表达趋势,其表达量均随MOI升高和作用时间的延长而上升,与对照组之间均差异极显著(P<0.01),菌液浓度之间和时间点之间均差异显著(P<0.05);同时PAM的形态异常和崩解死亡比例依次增多,表明三种炎性因子的表达量与SS2的浓度和感染时间之间呈正相关;受损或濒死细胞比例亦正相关;提示三种炎性因子由受损细胞或濒死细胞产生。MOI为1∶1感染12h,或MOI为100∶1感染6h的条件下均可致70%的PAM崩解死亡,表明此条件下SS2可摧毁由PAM构筑的第一道防线。三种炎性细胞因子表达最高峰的条件是MOI为100∶1,感染12h,此时镜下细胞几乎全部崩解死亡,表明PAM的完全死亡伴随炎性因子的最大释放,炎症随吞噬功能的完全丧失而开始。结果表明,在SS2引致肺炎过程中,AM的作用是炎症的起始者,而不是抵御细胞。     

陈佳贵副院长的讲话

各位来宾、同志们、朋友们： 在西亚非洲研究所建所40周年的喜庆日子里，我谨代表院领导向西亚非洲研究所的全体同志表示热烈的祝贺!向参加今天会议的各有关单位的领导及代表表示热烈的欢迎和衷心的感谢!……     

Uncertainties Caused by Violation of Tradition

Since the end of the Cold War, the United States has become the only "superpower" in the world, and its global strategy has exerted significant impact on the international situation. This has caught wide attention of scholars and analysts on international relations. Generally speaking, America has kept a relatively stable national strategic objective in the post-Cold War years, namely, to maintain its "leading position in the world" as long as possible. To put it in detail, strategically,     

日本的“亚洲门罗主义”

当＂万国公法＂在近代日本逐渐为＂公法＂及＂国际法＂概念替换之际,美国人为了达成＂门户开放＂的对华政策而寻求同盟时,向日本人提出了伸张＂亚洲门罗主义＂的建议。这一建议暗合了日本的扩张意图,为日本不断利用＂公法＂张扬＂亚洲门罗主义＂提供了口实。可以说,20世纪30年代初成立的伪满洲国是这一建议带来的最大成果。然而,在伪满洲国承认问题上,＂亚洲门罗主义＂达到顶峰的同时又背离了＂公法＂。     

律师天职压倒政治恐惧——专访柬埔寨红色高棉主要领导人达莫的辩护律师必胜萨美

引子 我没有打电话,而是直接敲开必胜萨美的律师楼紧闭的铁门,提出采访要求.面对不速之客,他说他很忙,已经拒绝了英国等多批记者采访的请求.     

Weakened by ＂Looking Inward＂

Economists called September 11, 2001 "a day that has transformed the world." Today, however, Europeans will tell you that their lives have been even more greatly influenced by the war in Iraq.Apart from this, Europe is also greatly impacted by its eastward expansion and economic globalization. As a result, the gap between the EU's global ambition and its real power further widens.     

Risks Faced by Chinese Investors Overseas

Chinese enterprises doing business abroad have to deal with many non-commercial risks-for example those stemming from political and criminal violence. The reason is simple: we live in an unsettled world where the danger of war or conflict is a constant threat. Few countries are as safe as China.     

试析“硬实力”困境

通过行之有效的外交手段实现自身利益最大化,是所有国际关系行为体综合运用各种权力资源进行对外活动的核心指导原则。受时代变迁的影响,传统的硬实力手段在实现国家利益过程中显得越发力不从心,同时受到有限理性的制约,国际关系行为体又往往具有硬实力惯性,从而深陷硬实力困境之中,并进而影响到国际社会的进步。本文旨在对硬实力困境及其形成原因进行初步探讨。