人口老龄化与农村老年医疗保障制度

人口老龄化导致老年人医疗服务需要增加。然而,经济因素制约了老年人医疗服务需要向需求的转化,阻碍了老年人健康状况的改善。为实现世界卫生组织(W H O)提出的“健康老龄化”目标,促进全面建设小康目标的实现,必须为老年人尤其是收入低且几乎没有任何医疗保障的大量农村老年人建立医疗保障制度。建立制度面临筹资来源少、技术难度高、医疗卫生条件落后等制约因素,需要采取“低水平、广覆盖、采用多种模式、利用各方力量、加强配套设施”的发展策略。通过建立农村老年医疗救助、合作医疗、“时间储蓄”等多种制度,提供完善的医疗供方体系,保障农村老年人的基本医疗需求,促进其健康状况的改善。     

社会医疗保险:新农合的发展取向

新农合向社会医疗保险发展是实现城乡居民社会医疗保险一体化的重要举措,它有利于巩固和发展新农合的成果,推动医疗保障事业的发展。目前新农合与城镇居民社会医疗保险制度框架基本统一、社会救助实现了城乡居民一体化、公共卫生投入向农村倾斜、已形成比较科学的农村医疗卫生管理制度等,为新农合向社会医疗保险发展提供了可行性。但是,新农合向社会医疗保险发展还存在着农村公共卫生建设相对滞后、地(市)级统筹难度大、农民的出资水平难以提高等难点。为此,要继续为新农合添加更多的社会医疗保险的构成要素,加快农民工医疗保障城市化进程,加强法制建设,进行新的社会医疗保险制度创新。     

养老保险与投资基金业的互动发展

人口老龄化问题是一个全球性的社会问题 ,养老保险是社会保险制度中最基本和最重要的部分之一。世界各主要国家或地区通过立法建立了养老保险制度 ,并积极寻求增值方式 ,包括养老保险基金参与投资基金业发展等 ,保障公民或劳动者老有所养。一、养老保险基金与投资基金业结合的国际经验在资本市场发达的国家或地区 ,养老基金扮演着重要角色。研究与借鉴海外养老保险基金和投资基金业良性互动发展的国际经验 ,对于规范中国养老保险基金管理与运营体系和推动中国投资基金业的发展都具有十分重要的意义。1 美国的养老保险基金与共同基金业从 2 0…     

Across time and space: Explaining variation in news coverage of the European Union

News about the European Union (EU) looks different in different countries at different points in time. This study investigates explanations for cross‐national and over‐time variation in news media coverage of EU affairs drawing on large‐scale media content analyses of newspapers and television news in the EU‐15 (1999), EU‐25 (2004) and EU‐27 (2009) in relation to European Parliament (EP) elections. The analyses focus in particular on explanatory factors pertaining to media characteristics and the political elites. Results show that national elites play an important role for the coverage of EU matters during EP election campaigns. The more strongly national parties are divided about the EU in combination with overall more negative positions towards the EU, the more visible the news. Also, increases in EU news visibility from one election to the next and the Europeanness of the news are determined by a country's elite positions. The findings are discussed in light of the EU's alleged communication deficit.     

The State and Social Networks

Based on a comparative study of socio-political networks and state strategies in Northern Norway and Southern Italy, this article argues that state strategies and capacity play an important role in determining the structure and impact of social networks on regional development. Similar in their choice of policy regimes and active distribution of resources to their lagging peripheries, Italy and Norway display very different informal networks between socio-political actors as well as development characteristics. These differences in social networks and development can be traced back to the willingness and ability of state actors to entrench themselves at the centre of the socio-political networks in the regions. Their ability is constrained by the social networks themselves, hemmed in by past history of nation-building and is in essence a picture of the legitimacy of the state. State openness towards mobilising social groups enables it to keep control over the mobilisation process and build for itself a central role in social networks. State closeness towards mobilising social groups brings with it the danger that alternative elites will build alternative social networks on the different territories they control – networks in which the state will play a less central role. The cases illustrate the pros and cons of both types of state strategies, and form a good basis for a discussion of the optimal mix of state intervention and local social organisation in development.     

集团腐败:基于社会关系视角的解读

目前研究集团腐败一般是从低度社会化的经济人假设和过度社会化的社会人假设出发,两者由于没有考虑具体的社会情境来补充解释,从而陷入理论假设的陷阱.集团腐败是由不法交易关系联结而成的,必须将其嵌入社会关系结构中进行观察.通过分析发现,集团腐败在纯粹利益交换之上衍生出了基于互惠信任的社会交换,通过真实的社会情境建立了情感义务的人际纽带.中国社会文化情境中集团腐败受到亲缘血缘等人情要素的影响,亲密、信任与责任使得交换过程中形成互惠规范.通过互惠交换产生了横向平行与纵向垂直的关系结构,推动集团内部的权力分化进而构建微观秩序系统,最终使集团腐败成为嵌入在社会关系结构中具有总体性文化情境认知的人际联结.     

Governance and Growth: A Simple Hypothesis Explaining Cross-Country Differences in Productivity Growth

Cross-country evidence shows that a subset of developing countries isgrowing very rapidly, taking advantage of opportunities to ``catch-up'' atthe same time that other developing countries are growing slowly. We arguethat this is due to differences in the quality of governance. Inparticular we show that productivity growth is higher in better-governedcountries.     

The Sacred,Social Creativity and the State

Abstract

This paper explores the specific contribution of a strand of contemporary French social theory founded by Cornelius Castoriadis and Claude Lefort to the under standing of human power. It formulates a conception of power that transcends its definitions in terms of physical coercion or institutionalised violence to reveal the way power is creative and institutes the social. Its reflection on the cultural nature of political power and it role in society is shown to extend the pioneering reflection of Durkheim's sociology, especially as regards the homology that exists between religion and politics. The social role performed by the state explored by Durkheim prefigures Gauchet's theory of the state, which builds on Lefort's work. Gauchet's theory can be said to elaborate a critical synthesis of the two stands of Durkheim's work: the sociology of religion and the sociology of the modern state. This synthesis raises questions on the role played by the European state in the development of individualism, in both its political and economic manifestations.     

Public Health Insurance and Medical Spending: The Incidence of the ACA Medicaid Expansion

This paper examines the incidence of the cost burden associated with expanding public health insurance to low-income adults in the context of the Affordable Care Act. Using data from the Medical Expenditures Panel Survey (MEPS), I exploit exogenous variation in Medicaid eligibility rules across states, income groups and time. I find that public insurance eligibility reduced mean out-of-pocket spending by 19.6 percent among targeted households, but it did not causally increase total expenditures among beneficiaries. Rather, Medicaid expansion shifted the burden of payment from eligible households and private insurance (21.5 percent reduction) to taxpayers in the form of public insurance (46.6 percent increase). The efficiency of these public funds can be summarized by a mean Marginal Value of Public Funds of 0.70 in the full sample, 0.99 among households with at least one pre-existing condition, and 1.26 in states with an above-median number of public hospitals.     

Actuarial status of the Hospital Insurance and Supplementary Medical Insurance Trust Funds

This article, adapted from a summary of the 1983 Annual Reports of the Medicare Boards of Trustees, presents the present and projected future actuarial status of the Hospital Insurance (HI) and Supplementary Medical Insurance (SMI) Trust Funds following the enactment of the Tax Equity and Fiscal Responsibility Act of 1982 and the Social Security Amendments of 1983. Although the Trustees characterize the outlook for the HI Trust Fund as slightly more optimistic than it was a year earlier, they report that the fund may be exhausted sometime between 1988 and 1996 unless benefits under the HI part of Medicare are reduced or financing is improved. The SMI Trust Fund, which is financed by premiums adjusted each year to reflect actual experience and by general revenue contributions, is characterized as actuarially sound. The Trustees note, however, the growing extent to which general revenue financing is becoming the major source of income for the SMI part of Medicare.     

Corporatization in the Public Sector: Explaining the Growth of Local Government Companies

The creation of companies by local governments to provide public services—referred to as “corporatization”—is an example of systemic public entrepreneurship that is popular across the world. To build knowledge of the antecedents of public sector entrepreneurship, the authors investigate the factors that lead local governments to create companies for public service delivery. Using zero-inflated negative binomial regressions to analyze secondary data from 150 major English local governments for 2010–16, the authors find that governments with higher levels of grant dependence and debt dependence are more involved in the creation and operation of companies, as are larger governments. Further analysis reveals that very low and very high managerial capabilities are strongly associated with more involvement in profit-making companies, while local government involvement in companies is more prevalent in deprived areas. At the same time, government ownership of companies is more common in areas with high economic output.     

养老保险改革的自反性与福利国家平等危机——罗桑瓦隆对福利国家正当性的透视

2020年,法国通过了《法国全民退休金改革法案》,试图整合"碎片化"的养老保险制度,但引发了激烈对抗,法国养老保险制度改革陷入自反性困境。罗桑瓦隆认为,社会保险产生于资本主义的第一次平等危机,即通过再分配减少身份特权不平等,在"无知之幕"下实现个体相似性平等。后工业化社会的到来使"无知之幕"被撕开,差异性成为平等的新内涵。法国养老保险制度改革冲突的实质是逐渐显性化的差异性特质与普遍性制度要求之间的矛盾,即福利国家遭遇的第二次平等危机。而差异性平等的实现无法再单纯依赖再分配,需要以关系平等重塑福利国家的正当性。     

我国医疗保障制度改革的公平性与效率性探讨

本文主要从公平性与效率性两个方面对我国改革开放以来的医疗保障制度改革进行了探讨。本文认为我国改革开放以来的医疗保障制度改革从总体上看表现为公平性不足,效率性较差。在此基础上,本文就提高我国医疗保障制度改革的公平性与效率性提出一些政策性的建议。