用乙醇和正丁醇判断豚鼠溺死时间的实验探索

本文以豚鼠为实验动物，溺死后浸泡于水温为２０℃的水缸小。运用气相色谱法测定其溺死后不同浸泡时间在心、肺、肝小＃在的乙醇和正了醇含量。实验结果表明在溺死后８天内，样本中乙醇和正了醇量随浸泡时间的延长而增加，且呈高度的直线相关。其血、肺、矸中乙醇量与溺死时间的回归方程依次为ｙ１＝－１６．８２＋１２．９５Ｘ，ｙ２＝－５８．５３＋１９．２３Ｘ，ｙ３＝－３１．９１＋４７．２９Ｘ。血、肺、肝小正丁醇量与溺死时间的回归方程依次为ｙ４＝－１０．１３＋５．８６ｘ，ｙ５＝－２９．４５＋１６．１７ｘ，ｙ６＝３．７５＋１４．３１ｘ。综合分析溺死后血、肺、肝小乙醇和正丁醇，有可能作为判断溺死时间的新指标。     

死后不同时间红细胞内钾离子含量分析

分析了家兔死后不同时间心血红细胞钾离子含量,红细胞内钾离子含量随死亡时间增加呈线性下降(r=-0.829,p<0.025).在死后0～48h,红细胞内钾离子含量(Y,mmol/10~12RBC)与死亡时间(X,hours)的直线回归方程为:Y=7.56-0.071X或X=106.48-14.08Y.上述规律变化,有可能对早期死亡时间的推断提供客观依据.     

大鼠死后心血吗啡浓度变化的HPLC检测

采用高效液相邑谱分析技术（HPLC）检测治疗量及中毒量吗啡肌注大鼠死后心血中吗啡浓度变化。结果表明，以治疗量吗啡肌往大鼠，在死后96h内，心血中吗啡浓度随死后时间增加而显著升高（P＜0．01），吗啡浓度水平与死后时间里显著正相关；以中毒量吗啡肌注大鼠，在死后12h内，心血吗啡浓度无明显变化；死后24h、48h及96h，随死后时间延长，心血中吗啡浓度逐渐升高（P＞0．01），其递增强度不如治疗量吗啡组大鼠的明显.本研究证实，死后尸体心血吗啡浓度明显受生前剂量的影响，且在死后96h内，随死后时间增加．心血中吗啡浓度少数不断增高。     

MEASUREMENT ERROR IN CALLS-FOR-SERVICE AS AN INDICATOR OF CRIME*

Several recent studies have used records of calls-for-service (CFS) to police 911 centers to measure crime at the address, neighborhood, and city level. This article examines the limitations of this “new” indicator of crime. After pointing out several types of error in dispatch records, we use data from an observational study of policing in 60 neighborhoods to examine empirically how these errors might bias CFS-based crime counts and discuss the consequences of such bias. We conclude with suggestions for future research on the validity of CFS as an indicator of crime.     

死后不同时间的组织细胞DNA含量分析

本文应用流式细胞仪对大鼠死亡后不同时间的心、肝、肾组织细胞DNA含量进行了分析。结果显示:与死后0点细胞DNA含量值相比,6小时细胞DNA含量下降到99.5％,12小时为91.3％,18小时为87.1％,24小时为81.3％,30小时为76.7％,36小时为74.3％,48小时为72.3％。上述规律性变化,将可能对早期死亡时间的推断提供客观可靠的依据。     

大鼠肾细胞DNA含量与死亡时间关系的图像分析

运用计算机图像分析技术,对大鼠死后肾细胞DNA的变化进行观测,以寻找一种客观、量化的推断早期死亡时间的标准.实验选择15只大鼠,处死后,在24小时内每隔1小时取肾组织进行细胞学涂片,福尔马林液固定,Feulgen染色,自动图象分析仪测量,所得数据进行统计学分析处理.实验结果证明大鼠的早期死亡时间与肾细胞核DNA降解速率呈线性关系,其中积分光密度、平均灰度、异形指数提示此方法有可能作为辅助手段,使死亡时间推断更为精确.     

THE CONCEPT OF PERSON AS AN EMERGENT PHENOMENON

The definition of person hasn＇t still been satisfactorily agreed upon in scientific studies or in those of a philosophical nature. In the field of law, the concept is even weaker. However, it appears that person is an elementary concept as well as one of great practical influences. In the field of Jurisprudence, one is able to reflect upon some of the repercussions that a renewed definition could lead to. Questions related to studies on embryos.     

根据C_3转化率和尸体肛温推断死亡时间

本文观察了不同温度条件下,人血中C_3转化率的变化情况。在14个尸解案例中,根据C_3转化率和尸体肛温推断死亡时间,其95％可信区间为±11小时。测定C_3转化率的同时,还可以观察C_3的表型,为无名尸体的个人识别提供依据。     

玻璃体液化学成分的检测及其意义

采用日立7170A型全自动生化分析仪，对42例死后3小时内尸体玻璃体液中20种成分进行检测。其均值为：0．754mmol／L（钙）、0．783mmol／L（镁）、0．776mmol／L（无机磷）、3．35mmol／L（葡萄糖）、4．03mmol／L（尿素）、43．27μmol／L（肌酐）、0．016mmol／L（尿酸）、0．029mmol／L（总胆固醇）、0．015mmol／L（甘油三酯）、0．031μmol／L（总胆红素）、1．249／L（球蛋白）、0.609／L（白蛋白）、31.68u／L（谷草转氨酶）、1．39u/L（谷雨转氨酶）、5．15u/L（碱性磷酸酶）、0．83u／L（γ-谷氨酸转酞酶）、64．15u／L（磷酸肌酸激酶）、8.68u／L（乳酸脱氢酶）、7.12u／L（α-羟丁酸脱氢酶）；同时在Easylyteplus仪器用离子选择电极法测定钠均值为138．44mmol／L，钾5．05mmol／L和氯120．7mmol／L。为建立玻璃体液中化学成分正常值提供参考数据。     

生前与死后电击伤皮肤NSE活性的观察

本实验采用非特异性酯酶Ｎｏｎ－ｓｐｅｃｉｆｉｃＥｓｔｅｒｓｅ（Ｎ．Ｓ．Ｅ）组织化学方法对生前与死后电损伤进行实验研究，发现生前与死后短时间内的电损伤皮肤胶原纤维上ＮＳＥ活性有显著差别（Ｐ＜０．０５），在相同实验条件控制下，电击后存活时间越长，电流斑皮肤周围的酯酶着色反应越深，范围越宽。实验结果表明，Ｎ．Ｓ．Ｅ对于鉴别生前电流斑与死后电流斑具有法医学意义。     

超生反应阶段骨骼肌机械性损伤的形态学研究

对20例1．25～8．30hpm具有超生反应能力的尸检骨骼肌和17例10～24hpm和48～60hpm不具超生反应能力的尸检骨骼肌进行机械性损伤刺激的形态学系列对比研究。结果表明，经机械打击刺激后，具超生兴奋性的肌肉，受打击部位的肌纤维出现类似典型生前伤征象的形态学改变，而不具超生兴奋性的肌纤维仅出现被动的肌纤维断裂等非活性肌纤维改变。通过对超生形态学反应的形成机理进行探讨，为进一步研究超生形态学的作用提示了前景。     

棕尾别麻蝇的季节分布及虫态变化与死亡时间的研究

目的提供法医学死亡时间鉴定的准确性.方法在海拔1115.2～¨20.8m处每月投放一次诱饵,一天观察两次并详细记录,对嗜尸蝇类季节分布进行1年的调查研究.发现棕尾别麻蝇只在8、9、10三个月份繁殖后代而且虫态变化历期也出现明显差异.特别是10月份幼虫进入蛹期后发育历期持续到次年4月份才羽化出蝇,整个发育历期长达半年之久.结果这种有季节性分布的蝇类及特定季节发育历期延长的特点,对法医学推断死亡时间及对其它嗜尸蝇类的研究均有参考价值.     

PRISONIZATION AS AN INHIBITOR OF EFFECTIVE RESOCIALIZATION

This study focuses on data collected from 267 incarcerated, male delinquents The intent of this report is to identify and discuss the possible impact of prisonization on the inmate—an impact that in fact may impede the resocialization goals of the formal organization. Prisonization is conceptualized as the degree of assimilation into the inmate contraculture, and the particular type of social role assumed by the inmate. The proposed consequences of this socialization process are conceptualired as opposition to the institution, the degree of priority placed on interpersonal contact with other inmates while incarcerated, and opposition to the legal system. The findings of this study suggest that prisonization is related to self-attitudes that are not conducive to effective reconciliation.     

ARE UNIFORM CRIME REPORTS A VALID INDICATOR OF THE INDEX CRIMES? AN AFFIRMATIVE ANSWER WITH MINOR QUALIFICATIONS*

For more than two decades, the validity and reliability of official statistics on crime have been treated as highly questionable. Recently a number of studies have investigated the construction of official statistics on crime and issues related to their reliability and validity. However, there has been no recent attempt to bring together and evaluate these studies; thus, we do not know what official statistics mean and how we should interpret them. In the present paper it is argued that it is now possible to develop an understanding of what official statistics measure. It appears that both citizens and the police are in general agreement about what a serious crime is: it involves bodily injury (or serious threat of bodily injury), the property stolen is of high value, the act is committed by a stranger, or it involves breaking and entering. The authors argue that the perceived seriousness of the crime, first and primarily as defined by the victim, second as determined by the police, apparently accounts for most of the variance in whether a crime is reported and officially recorded; personal characteristics of the offender and victim have only minor effects. It is concluded that the Uniform Crime Reports (UCR), as measured by the FBI Index of Crime, are valid indicators of serious crimes as defined by the citizenry. The evidence supporting this conclusion is very substantial with regard to motor vehicle theft, robbery, burglary, and homicide, while with larceny, rape, and aggravated assault, the evidence supporting this conclusion is substantial but does require the interpretation of conflicting evidence.     

THE LAW OF CRIME CONCENTRATION AND THE CRIMINOLOGY OF PLACE*

According to Laub (2004), criminology has a developmental life course with specific turning points that allow for innovations in how we understand and respond to crime. I argue that criminology should take another turn in direction, focusing on microgeographic hot spots. By examining articles published in Criminology, I show that only marginal attention has been paid to this area of study to date—often termed the criminology of place. I illustrate the potential utility of a turning point by examining the law of crime concentration at place, which states that for a defined measure of crime at a specific microgeographic unit, the concentration of crime will fall within a narrow bandwidth of percentages for a defined cumulative proportion of crime. By providing the first cross‐city comparison of crime concentration using a common geographic unit, the same crime type, and examining a general crime measure, I find strong support for a law of crime concentration. I also show that crime concentration stays within a narrow bandwidth across time, despite strong volatility in crime incidents. By drawing from these findings, I identify several key research questions for future study. In conclusion, I argue that a focus on the criminology of place provides significant opportunity for young scholars and has great promise for advancing criminology as a science.     

扫描电子显微镜下生前和死后枪弹创的对比观察

本文用扫描电镜,对11例生前枪弹创和12例死后不同时间形成的枪弹创作对比观察。结果发现,生前枪弹创有大量红细胞和血小板凝块,纤维蛋白网形成,死后10min内的枪弹创亦有少许散在红细胞和纤维蛋白形成,很少见纤维蛋白网。死后25min的标本仍可见稀疏的红细胞,但无纤维蛋白形成。作者认为在扫描电镜下诊断生前枪弹创,需全面观察,综合分析。     

尸体肝细胞AgNOR不同时间形态改变与死亡时间的关系

采用显微图像分析方法，在动物实验的基础上，观察和分析人体死后不同时间肝细胞Ag－NOR的形态变化，探讨它与死亡时间两者间的关系。经图像分析灰度值测量，结果表明：AgNOR的死后变化与死亡时间有密切的关系，随着死后经过时间的延长，AgNOR颗粒形态越来越不清楚。灰度变化的量化指标提示，图像分析AgNOR的灰度改变，与形态改变一致，可以作为推断死亡时间的一个有参考价值的指标。