Forensic medical differential diagnosis of craniocerebral trauma in children

It is emphasized that history, complaints, a comprehensive neurological examination, craniography are not often sufficient for differentiation between brain concussion and mild brain contusion in children because of specific characteristics of craniocerebral trauma (CCT) in such patients. To make an adequate forensic medical diagnosis of CCT in children, it is necessary to take into consideration anatomophysiological peculiarities of a child, biomechanical conditions of the brain injury, to apply modern methods of neurovisualization (ultrasonography, computed and MR imaging), to follow up brain function with quantitative electroencephalography. Improvement of differential forensic-medical assessment of CCT severity in childhood should be made according to the principles of evidence-based medicine.     

Forensic psychophysiological expertise with application of polygraph

The notions of psychophysiological investigation (PPI) and psychophysiological examination with application of polygraph are characterized. The history of the method for more than 100 years, the aims of the examination are described. Effective use of the polygraph in criminal investigations is illustrated. The absence of methodological regulations and difficulties in training specialists hinder wide introduction of polygraphs into practice. How to get over these difficulties is shown.     

Forensic Science

Scientific evidence is often more reliable than other types of evidence commonly used in criminal trials – i.e., eyewitness identifications, confessions, and informant testimony. Nevertheless, despite its obvious value, forensic science has not always merited the term "science." Three developments in the 1990s focused attention on its shortcomings: the advent of DNA profiling, the Supreme Court's "junk science" decision, and a number of wellpublicized crime laboratory scandals. In light of these developments, and in order to take full advantage of the power of forensic science to aid in the search for truth, a number of reforms are needed: Crime laboratories should be accredited, lab procedures should be standardized, and basic research needs to be conducted on many commonly used techniques. Court procedures also require improvement: Defense experts should be more readily available to indigent defendants, and more comprehensive pretrial disclosure of the substance of expert testimony should be provided.     

Forensic pitfalls

The lives of forensic psychiatrists are complicated and subject to stressful experiences because they have elected to interact with a social system very different from their own. This article presents discussion of these frequently troublesome areas commonly encountered by forensic psychiatrists in trying to respond to the law's requests and needs without sacrificing their medical integrity: (1) legitimate definition of expertise; (2) reasonable medical certainty; (3) generally accepted standard of care. They are explored with emphasis on the exercise of self-assessment by the involved forensic psychiatrists lest their incautious application of knowledge and expertise become pitfalls of their own making.     

法庭语音学

本文对法庭语音学进行了研究综述,主要介绍了该学科的核心内容:说话人鉴定。在实际办案中,当未找到嫌疑人,只有犯罪分子的检材语音时,可以使用说话人画像/说话人分类技术。若没有犯罪分子的录音证据时,可以让受害人和证人进行说话人的听觉辨认。具体的辨认形式有两种:对熟人辨认和对陌生人辨认,在对陌生人辨认时可以采用语音辨认的方法进行。当检材语音和样本语音都齐备的时候,法庭语音分析专家就可以对二者进行比对检验了。目前语音比对分析涉及到的问题和领域有:基于贝叶斯方法的法庭推理和似然比计算、共振峰频率的测量应用、非解析感知与样例理论、法庭说话人自动识别以及不同方法的综合应用等。     

法庭语音学

本文对法庭语音学进行了研究综述,主要介绍了该学科的核心内容：说话人鉴定。在实际办案中,当未找到嫌疑人,只有犯罪分子的检材语音时,可以使用说话人画像/说话人分类技术。若没有犯罪分子的录音证据时,可以让受害人和证人进行说话人的听觉辨认。具体的辨认形式有两种：对熟人辨认和对陌生人辨认,在对陌生人辨认时可以采用语音辨认的方法进行。当检材语音和样本语音都齐备的时候,法庭语音分析专家就可以对二者进行比对检验了。目前语音比对分析涉及到的问题和领域有：基于贝叶斯方法的法庭推理和似然比计算、共振峰频率的测量应用、非解析感知与样例理论、法庭说话人自动识别以及不同方法的综合应用等。     

聚焦司法鉴定过程生成的鉴定人民事责任

考察鉴定人民事责任的制度依据和法律渊源,分析我国司法鉴定过程中,鉴定人民事责任的现实基础和规范依据。并以此为出发点,探讨我国司法鉴定人民事责任的基本内涵和外延,指出其特殊之处。最后从当事人实现救济的角度出发．提出鉴定人民事责任追诉的基本设想。     

脊柱滑脱的法医学鉴定

在法医临床检案中,脊柱损伤中脊柱滑脱尤为多见,造成的原因可以是外伤,也可以是先天性椎弓发育不全,还有一部分是老年性退行性变及骨质疏松引起.现就我室自1993～1999年间共鉴定的31个案例进行回顾性分析.     

脊柱滑脱的法医学鉴定

在法医临床检案中 ,脊柱损伤中脊柱滑脱尤为多见 ,造成的原因可以是外伤 ,也可以是先天性椎弓发育不全 ,还有一部分是老年性退行性变及骨质疏松引起。现就我室自 1993～ 1999年间共鉴定的 31个案例进行回顾性分析。一般资料1.性别年龄 :本组共 31例 ,男性 11例 ,女性 2 0例 ,年龄在 18～ 78岁 ,其中 5 0岁以下男性 7例 ,女性 3例 ,5 0岁以上 (含 5 0岁 )男性 4例 ,女性 17例。2 .致伤原因 :有明确直接损伤史的有 12例 ,如脊柱直接受到钝器击伤等 ;间接损伤 16例 ,如倒地等 ;另外 3例损伤原因不明。3 .临床诊断 :31例均予以Ｘ线、ＣＴ检查 ,…     

2008年度全国法医类、物证类、声像资料类司法鉴定情况统计分析

2008年,司法行政机关在司法鉴定管理工作中贯彻落实中央21号文件精神和全国人大常委会《关于司法鉴定管理问题的决定》,进一步深化鉴定体制改革,促进鉴定管理工作发展。对法医类、物证类、声像资料类＂三大类＂司法鉴定的鉴定机构、鉴定人、鉴定业务情况进行统计分析,以总结经验,指导实践。