零工经济从业者工作时间配置与生活质量：抑制还是促进？

工作时间配置有数量和结构两层含义，具体表现为工作绝对时长、工作相对时长以及各种工作 时间占比。研究基于时间配置视角，将个人生活质量分为工作生活质量、闲暇生活质量、家庭生活质量以及生 理生活质量 4 个维度，以外卖骑手为研究对象，通过问卷调查收集数据，并采用结构方程模型分析工作时间配 置对零工经济从业者生活质量的影响。实证结果表明：零工经济从业者工作绝对时长变化会产生收入效应、倦 怠效应和替代效应，与工作生活质量呈 M 型非线性关系，与闲暇生活质量、家庭生活质量和生理生活质量均呈 倒 U 型关系；工作相对时长则会通过抑制工作恢复降低工作、闲暇以及生理生活质量；对于外卖骑手而言，对 骑手工作依赖度越高，其生活质量越低。研究建议，应健全和完善制度体系，培养劳动者多维技能，让劳动者 科学管理工作时间，以提升零工经济从业者的生活质量。     

零工经济中个体就业动机探析 ——以北京市外卖骑手为例

随着数字技术的发展和人们生活、用餐习惯的改变，数字经济中的餐饮行业获得了较快发展，为劳动者创造了大量的就业机会。本研究基于外卖平台骑手的数据探讨数字零工经济下个体的就业动机。研究发现：大多数外卖骑手表面上是为了追求工作灵活性、经济收益和扩大社交网络而主动选择零工就业，但实际上，他们并没有在平台真正实现这三方面的诉求。劳动力市场结构转变让他们为了谋求生存而被动“挤入”,而非主动选择进入零工就业中。因此，针对劳动密集型平台就业群体，需要深入分析其选择零工就业的真正原因，才能在对其帮扶的政策制定和执行中，实现“对症下药”和“精准帮扶”。     

基于劳动者保护视角的平台经济规范与发展

基于网络平台的新就业形态在创造大量新工作岗位和机会的同时,也给劳动者权益保护带来了新的问题和挑战。综观近年来我国各级各类政府部门出台的与规范平台企业用工行为相关的政策可以看出,我国在健全制度、补齐平台经济劳动者权益保障短板方面已进入"快车道",完善平台企业用工和劳动保障制度已成为我国引导和规范平台经济健康发展的重要抓手。研究认为,未来我国劳动保障制度建设将呈现四大发展趋势:制度将更加精准和差异化,构建和完善多层次的社会保险体系成为必然要求,新就业形态劳动者将纳入就业公共服务体系,多方协商共促的劳动者权益保障体系将加快建立和完善。     

人工智能对就业的影响因素及作用机制研究

人工智能技术的创新和应用给经济社会带来了更为深刻的影响,在给人类创造价值的同时,也 给就业带来了不同的影响效应。本研究通过对国内外相关文献分析,在以往学者所构建的技术进步影响就业的 机理框架基础上,针对人工智能的特点,增加了人工智能技术对全球化和国际分工、产品的个性化设计和服务 方式以及工作模式和组织形态的影响的研究,并对就业产生的替代效应和创造效应进行了深入分析。在此基础 上构建了人工智能对就业的影响机制理论模型。     

人工智能对就业的影响 ：数量、结构与质量 ——基于北京市 97 家企业调查数据

近年来人工智能的技术突破引起了社会各界的广泛关注,同时对就业数量、就业结构和就业质量也产生了影响。通过对北京市97家企业的调查分析,研究得出以下结论：目前人工智能对就业的创造效应大于破坏效应,并且创造效应在应用型企业中体现得更为明显;人工智能使就业岗位、技能、人力资本结构得到优化调整,但对就业年龄结构的影响较小;人工智能在提高整体劳动报酬的同时也会造成工资两极分化的倾向,并因此提出了技能导向的技术培训新要求;目前人工智能正处于导入期,对就业数量、结构以及技能的影响初步显现,但影响还较小。     

关于共享经济平台网约工劳动权益保障的研究

共享经济平台网约工已经成为一支规模巨大的新生就业群体。作为新就业形态的代表,其明显表现出核心生产工具新、就业形式新、与服务平台的就业关系新的新特征。该群体主要由直营工、众包工和第三方用工组成,其劳动权益实现出现明显分层,其中直营工最好、众包工较差。网约工整体面临五大突出问题:安全风险高、保障低,劳动收入不稳定、没保障,社会保险保障差,劳动合同签订率低,缺少有效话语权。制约网约工劳动权益的因素复杂,既有法律法规滞后性因素,又有有法不依、执法不严的因素,还有新技术、新业态、新模式带来的新问题等。为更好地维护网约工合法权益,研究建议:相关部门进一步稳妥处理"包容"与"审慎"之间的关系,加大执法检查和监督,制定完善相关法律法规和规章制度,强化平台企业的法律责任,工会组织将相关网约工组织起来、切实维权服务。     

非劳动收入能缓解中国的劳动力供给紧张吗？

标准劳动供给理论认为非劳动收入的增加会减少劳动供给，但是国内外大量的实证研究对此存在 较多争议。为了应对上述争议，本研究对标准理论进行适当延展，通过考察非劳动收入对边际劳动供给的作用后 发现，非劳动收入虽然具有减少劳动时间的直接作用，但是能通过强化工资率对劳动供给的替代效应而间接增加 劳动时间供给，两者的净效应决定了非劳动收入对劳动供给的真实作用。非劳动收入对劳动供给存在正向作用的 原因在于：非劳动收入会挤占一部分享受性闲暇时间而提高闲暇的价格，从而强化人们减少闲暇时间、增加劳动 供给的“替代效应”。利用“中国综合社会调查”全国微观数据库提供的数据，本研究证实了上述观点。非劳动 收入对劳动供给的正向作用为中国应对当前的劳动供给短缺提供了政策新抓手：政府可以在不触及工资制度和假 日制度等刚性制度的前提下，通过调控非劳动收入的不同种类和形式来激活劳动供给。     

人工智能对就业的影响：创造还是破坏？

近年来人工智能迅速发展，但其对就业不仅会产生创造效应，也会产生破坏效应。研究利用 2008—2016 年中国省级面板数据，探索在智能物质资本投入影响下不同地区和不同技能水平劳动力的需求变化， 分析人工智能通过创造效应和破坏效应对我国劳动力就业的影响和作用方向。研究发现：人工智能对不同技能 水平劳动力的就业影响方向不同，存在“两极化”趋势；产业结构升级将在一定程度上进一步加剧人工智能对 就业“两极化”发展的影响；人工智能对不同地区的不同技能水平的劳动力有差异性影响。研究建议，应进一 步加强教育培训，优化产业结构，完善社会福利，以应对人工智能的破坏效应，促进劳动力市场的稳定。     

灵活就业人员职业伤害保障制度建设研究

新就业形态下的灵活用工对传统的用工形式带来了巨大挑战.受多种因素的影响,新就业形态的灵活就业人员在职业伤害保障方面还面临许多困难,需要有关部门从强化用人单位的劳动保障责任、提高劳动者的参保和维权意识等方面入手,建立灵活就业人员职业伤害保障制度,为其提供必要的保障,促进劳动关系的和谐.     

普惠金融视角下新就业形态劳动者保险保障状况研究——以无锡市为例

近年来,以去雇主化、平台化为主要特征的一系列新就业形态在稳定扩大就业、畅通经济循环、推动消费升级、增进民生福祉等方面发挥了积极作用,成为推动经济社会发展的重要组成部分。本文基于普惠金融视角,对无锡市新就业形态劳动者保险保障状况进行了问卷调查,并运用二元logistic回归分析方法对数据进行了统计分析,实证分析了新就业形态劳动者社会保险和商业保险的参保行为及其影响因素,并提出完善新就业形态劳动者保险保障制度的对策建议。     

Introduction to queer circuits: Critical performance and digital praxis

This introduction situates the articles making up this special issue within four thematic clouds, positing queer theorization as broadly relevant for critically engaging with computational technologies and culture. These sub-themes offer suggestions for future queer inquiry and praxis and reflect key terms in performance studies and queer theory that have undergone transformation with the ubiquity of digital technology.     

Women,Science and Culture: Science in the Nineteenth-century Periodical

The Victorian periodical press offers unique insights into many diverse areas of nineteenth-century experience, and the complex relations between gender, science and culture in particular, yet it has been consistently marginalized as a primary resource in academic study. The Science in the Nineteenth-century Periodical (SciPer) project at the universities of Sheffield and Leeds is creating a new point of access to a wide range of non-specialist periodicals across the century by means of a fully searchable electronic index. By detailing the entire contents of each journal, and not just those articles that have a clear scientific relevance, it becomes clear that science formed a fundamental and integral part of nineteenth-century culture. The electronic index, moreover, will include hypertext cross-reference links that will allow the user to identify a dialogic pattern of encounters between ostensibly diverse articles, rather than only to browse in a simple chronological mode. By adopting this innovative approach, the SciPer database will reveal the manifold intertextual relations between the fictional works of women writers like Elizabeth Gaskell and the scientific articles that often appeared in the pages of the same magazines, and will show that writers of both sexes and across several different genres actively engaged in vibrant interdisciplinary debates concerning scientific issues in a forum provided by the periodical. Although the SciPer database itself is not specifically focused on issues of gender, the index will include several periodicals aimed explicitly at a female readership and, by providing access to titles still rarely utilized in modern scholarship, it will offer further insights into the important contemporary debates about women and science, as well as the more subtle ways, in which gendered imagery was employed within scientific discourse. This article details some critical findings from Punch , The English Womans Domestic Magazine , Cornhill Magazine and the Review of Reviews .     

Carnal teachings: raunch aesthetics as queer feminist pedagogies in Yo! Majesty's hip hop practice

This essay puts forward a notion of “raunch aesthetics,” theorizing raunch as an aesthetic, performative, and vernacular practice: an explicit mode of sexual expression that transgresses norms of privacy and respectability. Raunch aesthetics describe creative practices that often blend humor and sexual explicitness to launch cultural critiques, generate pleasure for minority audiences, and affirm queer lives. The author activates her formulation of raunch in analyzing Yo! Majesty, a hip hop group comprised of black female emcees who openly describe their sexual desire for women, and explores how the queer youth of color she works with have responded to their music. Working beyond the unexamined moralisms that give critiques of raunch culture their legitimacy, the author argues that Yo! Majesty's raunch aesthetics transmit queer and feminist teachings. While celebrating carnal pleasures, these artists critique heterosexism, subvert narratives about the incompatibility of belief in Christ and queer sexualities, and trouble notions concerning the emancipation of coming out of the closet and declaring a stable homosexual identity. In demonstrating how raunch aesthetics generate consciousness raising, the author discusses how her youth participants critically read and consume hip hop while negotiating unwieldy meanings of sexuality and gender presentation.     

Feminism, Aestheticism and the Limits of Law

This article seeks to identify and address the normative void that resides at the heart of postmodernist-feminist theory, and to propose a philosophical framework – beyond postmodernism, but incorporating its central insights – for thinking through the normative questions with which feminists are inevitably confronted in their engagements with positive law. Two varieties of postmodernist-feminism are identified and critically analysed: the ‘corporeal feminism’ of Elizabeth Grosz and Judith Butler, which seeks to ground feminist critical practice in the irruptive capacities of the material body considered as an arte fact of social construction; and the deconstructionist feminism of Drucilla Cornell, for whom ‘the feminine’ is an indeterminate but disruptive force beyond its construction in law and in other social sites. The first component of the argument elaborated here is that each of these approaches ultimately reduces to a form of aestheticism which is incapable of generating a worthwhile and workable feminist approach to the restructuring of politics and law. The second component of the argument involves a return to aesthetics, in particular to the philosophical aesthetics of Kant’s Critique of Judgement. Kant’s aesthetic philosophy, it will be suggested, yields a framework of concepts which, duly re-manipulated, could speak to the very concerns that have inspired postmodernist-feminism: how to attend to (bodily) particularity while avoiding the dangers associated with ‘essentialism’; and how to theorise the propensity of the unrepresentable power of the feminine to exceed both embodied human capacities and the confining rein of socially privileged rationalities. Crucially, however it also responds to a set of preoccupations – those of the feminist lawyer – that cannot be accommodated by postmodernism: how to translate embodied experience into (legal) norms; generalise from the particular; seek consensus; and codify an endless potentiality in the form of law. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

The Unexpected: Bionic Woman at the Millennium

Wilfred Bion's A Memoir of the Future provides a point of departure for feminist thinking about the millennium. Bion problematizes hopes for the future and associates thought with catastrophic change. Women play an unexpected role in Bion's experimental autobiography, posing provocative questions and unsettling the status quo . Since Bion has little to say about women in his clinical writings, A Memoir sheds light on his thinking and on the post-Kleinian culture of the 1970s. Book I of A Memoir depicts a class- and sex-nightmare played out between men and women, and women and women, in an age of anxiety whose setting appears to be the fascist 'pacification' of Middle England during an unspecified period. In this hallucinatory drama, all encounters are reduced to a brutal fiction of dominance and submission. The violence of the action suggests the primitive mental world of psychosis. Book II of A Memoir satirizes 'the brilliance of masculine thought' through the voices and criticisms of women. But this is the purgatorial movement of Bion's autobiography, inhabited by 'idées mères' (untransformed beta-elements) and haunted by the ghosts of Bion's traumatic war-time experience. A monstrous plot is hatched to kill primitive, fascistic Man, who retaliates and takes the female spoils. Is this the prelude to catastrophic change? Book III stages a country-house debate between different characters who represent aspects of Bion's personality, recapitulating the concerns of his later writing. The debate includes a meditation on childbirth as compared to war trauma, but Bion takes his distance from feminine intuition or common sense. Women fight on both sides of the barriers in the Bionic revolution - becoming, however, figures for the 'unexpected' and precursors of emotional upheaval. The gendering of millennial thought in Bion's Memoir provides an opportunity to scrutinize our own unthought fantasies of change.     

Beyond the scarcity scare: reframing the discourse of hunger with an eco-mind

Solutions to world hunger continue to be impeded by a frame – a set of assumptions – that keeps much of humanity focusing narrowly on quantitative growth. The result is greater food production and greater hunger. Yet, across the world another way of seeing, one grounded in the relational insights of ecology, is transforming food systems in ways that both enhance flora and fauna and strengthen human relationships, enabling farmers to gain a greater voice in food production and fairer access to the food produced.     

Here be monsters: a choreomaniac's companion to the danse macabre

Consider this a vade mecum: an invitation to “walk with me” through more or less uncanny terrains of worlds in the making in search, of(f) course, of monsters. The search will be delving into the areas of “creepypasta:” pieces of cursed prose and pictures that circulate online, waiting to contaminate and possess the next reader. Using a theoretical framework of posthuman and feminist theory, not least the work done by Jacques Derrida and Donna Haraway, this vade mecum asks what it might mean to engage ethically with that which is not supposed to exist, but which haunts us nonetheless. In other words: what does it mean to move, live and engage with spectres in digital times?     

The Impersonal Strategy: Re-visiting Virginia Woolf's Position in The Common Reader Essays

The concept of impersonality as a writer's strategy has been exposed to misinterpretations that either fail to exhaust its full meaning and deposit an unequal amount of attention on all components of the term or, in the worst case, tend to distort its true elements. In relation to Virginia Woolf's criticism, in particular, it is a critical commonplace that the author employed an impersonal position in order not to fully materialise her feminist vision, but to shy away from explicitly expressing her feminist convictions and openly supporting women's rights. Indicative of this is the criticism that suggests disapproval of Woolf's reluctance to side with her own gender and declare the power of female personality.

The aim here is to challenge such critical views, separate the discussion of impersonality from its association with that of androgyny, and re-visit the issue of Woolf's employment of the impersonal strategy. I examine two of Woolf's essays on nineteenth-century women writers included in her first volume of The Common Reader and offer an analysis from both a gender-oriented and a genderless angle. Woolf's strong affinity with female conditions of oppression, her modernist convictions, her need to compromise with the male-dominated context of the time and her concurrent urge to co-operate with the common reader of an unspecified sex for the sake of artistic creation reveal more complex reasons behind her intentions than those examined by critics so far.     

The Liquefaction of Desire: Music,Water and Femininity in Victorian Aestheticism

This article reconsiders Victorian images of mermaids and sirens through a detailed examination of two images: Frederic Leighton's Lieder ohne Worte (1861, oil on canvas, Tate Britain) and Edward Burne-Jones's The Depths of the Sea (1886, oil on canvas, private collection). It demonstrates that the themes of water, music and femininity were entwined in the Victorian imagination, by setting these two paintings within the context of Victorian artistic, literary and cultural production. It shows that musical images were prevalent in the emerging Aesthetic movement. Musical subjects freed artists and audiences from the conventions of narrative interpretation, and allowed them instead to concentrate on exploring mood and colour.

Pictures of mermaids add a further twist to the Aesthetic preoccupation with music. This article reveals that mermaids made explicit the underlying connection between musical performance and sensuality. It also suggests that the idiosyncratic depiction of the mermaid by Burne-Jones and the ambiguous sexuality of Leighton's figures could be read as symptomatic of changing conceptions of desire. It argues that these images embodied the shift from ardour to libido. In other words, love was no longer described as burning and fixed, but as fluid and shifting. This transformation in the way desire was theorised was most urgently presented in Freud's Three Essays on Sexuality (1905). However, this article suggests that the same ideas were being made visible in Aesthetic art and writing from the mid-nineteenth century.     

Beyond the Millennium: Black Women's Writing

Nasta's piece forms part of an oral contribution to the plenary session of the conference in which a variety of speakers discussed the many questions that the conference had raised. It focuses specifically on the location and history of black women's writing in Britain and attempts to address issues that have dominated critical and theoretical discussion for some years. The question as to how far we have moved on in our reading and assessment of these literatures is discussed; also the fact that perhaps debates we now see as being contemporary were also current in the experiences of earlier representations of Britain from a black or Asian perspective. Nasta makes some tentative suggestions in terms of how we might move forward.