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1.
Sibling violence is presumed to be the most common form of family violence and the least studied. Based on data from “Physical Violence in American Families, 1976,” this paper assesses the family environment factors associated with sibling physical violence. Of a range of potential family influences, measures of family disorganization were the most significant predictors of sibling violence, overriding the characteristics of children or particular family demands. What mattered most to the occurrence of sibling violence was a child’s actual experience of physical violence at the hands of a parent, maternal disciplinary practices and whether husbands lose their temper. These findings point to the deleterious effect of corporal punishment, and suggest sibling violence in families is associated with more ominous family and gender dynamics.
相似文献
Shelley EriksenEmail: |
2.
In jurisdictions across the United States, the mandated arrest of individuals perpetrating domestic violence crimes termed
“mandatory arrest” or “pro-arrest” policies has become a key policy solution to the issue of domestic violence. The purposes
of the policies are to standardize the police response to, and increase the number of, arrests stemming from domestic violence
incidents by removing or reducing police discretion to arrest. In 1994, the New York state legislature passed the Family Protection
and Domestic Violence Intervention Act, which contained provisions enacting a mandatory arrest statute. Using information
from 183 callers to a telephone helpline for victims of domestic violence, we describe four unintended consequences of the
policy: “unwanted,” “dual,” “retaliatory,” and “no” arrest. Bi- and multivariate analyses are used to identify victim and
perpetrator sociodemographic, situational, and legal factors associated with each arrest type. Results are discussed in the
context of the effects of mandatory arrest policies and minimizing problems associated with it in the future.
Victoria Frye Was the Director of Epidemiology and Surveillance for the Injury Prevention Program of the New York City Department of Health. 相似文献
Victoria FryeEmail: |
Victoria Frye Was the Director of Epidemiology and Surveillance for the Injury Prevention Program of the New York City Department of Health. 相似文献
3.
Maureen Outlaw 《Journal of family violence》2009,24(4):263-272
Although research into intimate partner abuse has expanded throughout the past several decades and increased our understanding
of this multi-faceted phenomenon, the vast majority of empirical work is still focused almost exclusively on physical violence—against
women in particular. Although a crucial issue in our society, physical violence against women is only one facet in an array
of possible abusive behaviors toward an intimate partner. Researchers have long acknowledged the existence of multiple forms
of non-physical abuse. These types of abuse have received little research attention, however, and are commonly lumped together
simply as “non-physical” or “emotional” abuse. There is no reason to believe, however, that all forms of non-physical abuse
are the same, whether in intensity, frequency, or co-existence with physical violence. The current study attempts to disentangle
the multiple types of nonviolent abuse to examine prevalence, differences by sex, and its relationships to physical abuse.
Using Tjaden and Thoennes’ (1998) survey data, this study examines the prevalence of different types of non-physical abuse, both in the general population
and among those experiencing physical violence Findings indicate that non-physical partner abuse is more common than physical
and that non-physical abuse does not show striking sex differences, as is commonly believed. There is strong evidence that
some types of non-physical abuse serve as clear risk factors for physical abuse and may increase risk of more frequent violence
among those already being abused. These relationships do not, however, differ by sex. Implications for future research are
discussed.
相似文献
Maureen OutlawEmail: |
4.
The stereotype of the strong, independent, and invulnerable African American woman may have implications in violent intimate
partner relationships. More specifically, one behavioral manifestation of this stereotype is that African American women may
be more likely to “fight back” in domestic violence situations. However, little is known about the consequences of these self-protective
behaviors for African American women. To this end, this study will address whether forceful and nonforceful acts of resistance
result in the desired effect of avoiding injury. Using a sample of incarcerated African American women, this study examines
the effects of self-protective behaviors on injury for a marginalized population at a high risk of violence.
相似文献
Ráchael WyckoffEmail: |
5.
Samara McPhedran 《Journal of family violence》2009,24(1):41-52
Animal abuse and family violence appear to be “linked” and tend to co-occur in the same households. Companion animals are
often regarded as family members, if not by the abuser, then by others within the family. Consequently, in families where
any given form of violence exists, animal abuse is also more likely to exist. This paper examines animal abuse in the context
of abusive home environments, and the relationship between an abusive home in childhood and the range of behavioral problems
that may extend into adulthood. Existing investigations are reviewed with reference to prevalence, epidemiology, and child
development theory. It appears that holistic interventions to counter abusive home environments may represent the most effective
way to break the association between animal cruelty and interpersonal violence, by addressing the shared situational characteristics
common to a range of violent behaviors.
相似文献
Samara McPhedranEmail: |
6.
Self-control Depletion and the General Theory of Crime 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Criminological research on self-control focuses mainly on self-control failure. Such research has not, however, investigated the consequences of exercising self-control for the individual doing so. The present study investigates this issue within the framework of both criminological self-control theory and research on self-control depletion from social psychology, which depicts self-control as akin to a “muscle” that is “depletable” by prior use [Muraven and Baumeister (2000) Psycholog Bull 126:247–259]. Results are presented from a laboratory experiment in which students have the opportunity to cheat. Both “trait self-control,” as measured by the Grasmick et al. [(1993) J Res Crime Delinq 30:5–29] self-control inventory, and “self-control depletion” independently predicted cheating. The implications of these findings are explored for criminological perspectives on self-control and offender decision-making.
相似文献
Mark MuravenEmail: |
7.
Johanna Ray Vollhardt 《Social Justice Research》2009,22(1):53-97
This paper introduces the concept of “altruism born of suffering,” and provides a review and integration of relevant research
and theories from various disciplines. In contrast to the well-supported notion that prosocial behavior is rooted in positive
experiences, whereas violence and adversity often contribute to further violence and antisocial behavior, it is proposed that
suffering may actually enhance the motivation to help other disadvantaged members of society, including outgroups. A motivational
process model is presented that includes a typology of altruism born of suffering, integrates clinical and social psychological
perspectives on underlying processes, and proposes potential mediators and moderators. Relevant empirical studies are reviewed
that provide initial support for this model. A particular emphasis is placed on victims of group-based violence, and implications
for intergroup relations and social justice.
相似文献
Johanna Ray VollhardtEmail: |
8.
Charles C. Chester William R. Moomaw 《International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law and Economics》2008,8(3):187-206
Partially in response to the increasing complexity of governance structures in the international environmental arena, international
scholars have adopted a distinction between “Type 1” and “Type 2” international agreements. The former refer to agreements
between governments, whereas the latter refer to agreements between governments and nonstate actors. While useful, this distinction
offers only a partial taxonomy of the diversity of collaborative governance, and fails to incorporate “Type 3” dynamics among
nonstate actors. As an initial attempt at sorting out the wide array of collaborative governance structures both domestically
and across international borders, we propose a 3 × 3 matrix based on two typologies, one institutional (governmental, collaborative,
nonstate), the other geopolitical (domestic, transborder, interstate/transnational). The result is a classification system
of nine types of both domestic and international governance. In addition to identifying fundamental differences among the
myriad forms of governance, the matrix reveals how the “softening of sovereignty” occurs in practice.
相似文献
William R. MoomawEmail: |
9.
Candace Kugel Carmen Retzlaff Suellen Hopfer David M. Lawson Erin Daley Carmel Drewes Stephanie Freedman 《Journal of family violence》2009,24(8):649-660
The Migrant Clinicians Network’s Familias con Voz (Families with a Voice) project aims to train migrant men and women to become intimate partner violence (IPV) peer educators
in their communities. In preparation for implementing educational activities, a community survey was conducted with 298 participants
in three Texas border counties. Verbal abuse, such as name calling, was the most frequent type of violence reported. Men perceived
anger as a cause of partner violence significantly more than women. Only 22% of respondents reported knowing of a shelter
they could turn to for help. Surprisingly, a majority of participants cited “seeking help from the police” when asked about
ways to decrease partner violence. Survey results offer insight into developing effective intervention programs by capturing
the intended audiences’ beliefs and attitudes. Additionally, survey results reveal possible strategies for how to tackle IPV
in U.S.-Mexico border migrant farmworker communities.
相似文献
Candace KugelEmail: |
10.
Napier and Tyler (this issue) question whether moral convictions about outcomes really override the influence of procedural
fairness (PF) on fairness judgments and decision acceptance. The empirical answer to this question is “yes.” When people have
strong moral convictions about outcomes, perceptions of outcome fairness and decision acceptance are primarily shaped by whether
the morally “correct” outcomes are achieved. Pre-decision perceptions of PF have surprisingly little or no effect on these
judgments. That said, pre-outcome perceptions of PF sometimes predict post-outcome perceptions of PF, even when people have
morally vested outcome preferences. We provide further details supporting the validity and superiority of our data analytic
approach and argue that our original conclusions were justified.
相似文献
Linda J. SkitkaEmail: |
11.
Geoffrey Brennan 《European Journal of Law and Economics》2008,26(3):237-252
Incarceration rates in many countries (the US and Australia among them) have risen spectacularly over the last twenty years
and are only partially explicable by increases in crime rates. Moreover, in some countries where crime rates have shown a
comparable time-path, incarceration rates have not shown the same spectacular increase. The aim of this paper is to explore
the politics of punishment. The claim is that the US and Australian experiences are best understood in terms of political
considerations; and that this fact lends some support to the “expressive” as distinct from the “interest” approach to electoral
behaviour.
相似文献
Geoffrey BrennanEmail: |
12.
With the economics of racism of the 1930s and 1950s American South in mind, our essay explores the relationship between the
act of writing and institutional penology. Taking an obscure, but visceral autobiographical account by Paterson and Conrad
(Scottsboro Boy, Garden City Doubleday, 1950), we examine how discipline, punishment, and institutional identity emerge out of publishing, or, as Foucault put it, “the
power of writing.” Narratives of delinquency born out of a racialized penal economy tend to resist attempts to tame the criminal,
making institutional survival a productive discourse, and its articulation, a unique revolutionary act.
相似文献
Karl Precoda (Corresponding author)Email: |
Paulo S. PolanahEmail: |
13.
The entrepreneurial puzzle: explaining the gender gap 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
We document the substantial gender gap that exists among university scientists with regard to entrepreneurial activity using
a variety of measures and explore factors leading to the disparity. We focus particularly on the biomedical sciences. The
contextual explanation that women are under-represented in the types of positions from which faculty typically launch entrepreneurial
activity is the most obvious. But the data suggest that for the biomedical sciences context is not sufficient in explaining
the entrepreneurial gap. We look elsewhere to factors affecting supply and factors affecting demand. The former include gender
differences in attitudes towards risk, competition, “selling” of “science,” type of research and geographic location. The
latter include the role of networks, preferences of venture capitalists and “gender discounting.” We explore the associated
hypotheses. We provide few tests and conclude that the research agenda is wide open and interesting.
相似文献
Paula E. StephanEmail: |
14.
Illegality does not necessarily breed violence. The relationship between illicit markets and violence depends on institutions
of protection. When state-sponsored protection rackets form, illicit markets can be peaceful. Conversely, the breakdown of
state-sponsored protection rackets, which may result from well-meaning policy reforms intended to improve law enforcement,
can lead to violence. The cases of drug trafficking in contemporary Mexico and Burma show how a focus on the emergence and
breakdown of state-sponsored protection rackets helps explain variation in levels of violence both within and across illicit
markets.
相似文献
Richard Snyder (Corresponding author)Email: |
Angelica Duran-MartinezEmail: |
15.
In recent decades, patriarchy has increasingly been posited as an explanation for gender differences in crime and victimization.
While researchers frequently allude to the “patriarchal structure of society” or to “male domination” when discussing their
theoretical perspective or findings, rarely do they articulate their conceptualization of the term. As a result, patriarchy
has been used as an explanatory wild card that lacks specificity and is purported to both increase and decrease female crime
and delinquency. In this paper we examine the conceptualization of patriarchy in criminological theory and research, discuss
why the failure to clearly conceptualize this construct is problematic, and offer potential avenues for operationalizing patriarchy
with the goal of facilitating future research on gender differences in crime.
相似文献
Robbin S. OgleEmail: |
16.
Morris B. Kaplan 《Liverpool Law Review》2008,29(1):37-50
My purpose in this article is to address issues that arise with the emergence of “hate crime” law as a response to violence
against historically subordinated groups, with particular reference to gay, lesbian, bisexual, transgendered (henceforth “GLBT”),
and otherwise queer citizens. The specific jurisdictional context of my reflection is the USA but the issues I raise have
significance beyond that context. Increasingly in recent years hate crime legislation has been adopted or proposed in the
US as well as other jurisdictions as a response to bigotry and violence directed against minority groups in multi-cultural
societies. In 2006 in the UK, proposals to outlaw “incitement to religious hatred” were hotly debated. In 2008 demands are
being made to extend the ‘incitement laws’ to include incitement to homophobic hatred. In 2007 in the US the Senate and House
of Representatives in Washington DC passed an Act, which some described as the Matthew Shepard Act, to promote and enhance
the use of the criminal law against perpetrators of crimes motivated by hatred based on perceived sexual orientation and gender
identity. Ultimately the Act failed to become law. The debates in the UK and US provide the backdrop against which I want
to examine the arguments for and against hate crime legislation, both generally and with specific application to queer citizens.
This require us to think again about the relation of queer citizens to the state, the reach of political equality and human
rights, and the aims and limits of the criminal law and system of “criminal justice”.
相似文献
Morris B. KaplanEmail: |
17.
This paper examines the role of the target-based responsibility system for building upright Party style and clean government
in combating corruption in local China. It argues that the effectiveness of the target-based responsibility system in corruption
control is compromised by a number of implementation hurdles in practice. Based on a close examination of one county, Shaanxi
Province in the northwest China, this study shows that low measurability of the targets, the conflict between anti-corruption
work and other evaluation targets, and the impact of patronage politics account for the implementation failure of the target-based
responsibility system. The fundamental problem lies in that under China’s unified cadre personnel management system, political
will can interfere with the handling of corruption on a case-by-case basis, no matter what kind of anti-corruption mechanism
is employed. Under this context, the adoption of the target-based responsibility system in fighting corruption results in
nothing more than “pouring old wine into new bottles.”
相似文献
Hon S. Chan (Corresponding author)Email: |
Jie GaoEmail: |
18.
Martin Morris 《Social Justice Research》2009,22(1):134-155
This article concerns how one may theorize a social justice of communication. The article argues that the theory of democracy
cannot neglect an analysis of communication and that, indeed, a social justice of communication can be identified in the discourse
ethics of Jürgen Habermas’s “deliberative” theory of democracy. The socio-political analyses of communication in John Stuart
Mill and Karl Marx are examined as precursors to Habermas’s position because they are useful for setting off the unique synthesis
of the liberal and critical traditions that Habermas develops. Such a social justice of communication shows how the communicative
mediation of the public sphere can ameliorate the tension between individual autonomy and the solidarity of group membership
by communicatively empowering individuals under conditions of mutual respect and equal dignity.
相似文献
Martin MorrisEmail: |
19.
The prosecution of Chinese organized crime groups: the Sister Ping case and its lessons 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
This article analyzes the investigation and prosecution of contemporary Chinese criminal organizations through the study of
one major human smuggling case: the trial of “Sister Ping.” Data were obtained from media reports, court documents, and from
interviews with parties familiar with the case. It is argued that modern human smuggling groups such as the one run by Sister
Ping are informal and decentralized organizations against which the RICO statute may be of little use.
相似文献
Andrew J. SeinEmail: |
20.
Alexandra V. Orlova 《Trends in Organized Crime》2008,11(2):99-134
The dangers stemming from organized crime have been widely acknowledged in the academic literature, government reports, as
well as in popular discourse. This article focuses on the legislative efforts to define “organized crime” undertaken in Russia
and Canada. Neither country has yet devised a satisfactory legislative definition of the varied phenomenon that is organized
crime. Definitions in both jurisdictions are problematic due to their sweeping scope and insufficient delineation of a zone
of risk for the accused as well as law enforcement officials. However, striking a proper balance between security concerns
and human and civil rights in both countries will be problematic due to constant political pressure to “get tough on crime”
as well as due to the amorphous nature of the phenomenon of organized crime.
相似文献
Alexandra V. OrlovaEmail: |