Explaining Sexual Harassment Judgments: Looking Beyond Gender of the Rater

Law and Human Behavior - In two decades of research on sexual harassment, one finding that appears repeatedly is that gender of the rater influences judgments about sexual harassment such that...     

The sexual harassment and exploitation in employment as a manifestation of discrimination in a workplace

＂Sexual harassment＂ is a key-word used for determining the most different behaviours. In the past Polish legal system there were no terms of harassment, sexual harassment or mobbing, but nowadays those terms have legal definitions in Polish law. The sexual harassment at the work according to the Polish Labour Code is defined as not-accepted behaviour about sexual character or referring to the sex of an employee, of which infringing an employee＇s dignity or humiliating her or him is a purpose or an effect of it. The sexual harassment is a form of harassment. The sexual harassment can be classified not only as a violation of labour laws but also as a prohibited act within the meaning of criminal law or civil law delict. The Sexual harassment can be a single behavior or can also occur as a sequence of behavior. This must be the unacceptable behaviour by a particular victim （not by reference to a standard employee, and generally prevailing standards）. The lack of consent must be expressed in some way on the outside by verbal opposition or demonstrated that opposition in other ways, such as pushing back the perpetrator. Behavior of the offender must be deliberate and intentional and the effect as that does not necessarily has to occur because it is enough to just act intentional. The sexual harassment can include physical, verbal or non-verbal elements. A sequence of behaviour （several activities） which accomplish characteristics of sexual harassment and in addition realize the condition of permanence and durability can also fulfill the characteristics of mobbing.     

Sexual harassment of women in athletics vs academia

Abstract

Sexual harassment at institutions of higher learning is not a new phenomenon but discussions of this problem in the sporting arena are still scarce. Many studies have focused on student-teacher relationships, few investigations have researched athlete-coach relationships, and hardly any have conducted comparative analyses. This study compares the perceptions and the experiences of sexual harassment of athletes and students. It is not a surprise that most harassing behaviors are extended from men towards women. Thus, this investigation analyses and compares female student/male teacher interactions with female athlete/male coach relations. The findings indicate that sexual harassment is slightly more prevalent in academia than in athletics. However, in order to guarantee a safe learning environment for all participants in both domains, it is necessary to formulate clear guidelines, to set up educational workshops and to implement intervention programs.     

论妇女性人权的保护

随着社会经济的不断发展和法制建设的不断进步,我国关于妇女权益保护的制度也逐渐趋于完善,妇女维权工作取得了很大的进步。但我国在妇女性权的保护方面有些还停留在形式上,特别是性骚扰和家庭暴力以及婚内强奸等问题都有待完善。     

Gender ‘Hostility’, Rape,and the Hate Crime Paradigm

This article examines whether crimes motivated by, or which demonstrate, gender ‘hostility’ should be included within the current framework of hate crime legislation in England and Wales. The article uses the example of rape to explore the parallels (both conceptual and evidential) between gender‐motivated violence and other ‘archetypal’ forms of hate crime. It is asserted that where there is clear evidence of gender hostility during the commission of an offence, a defendant should be pursued in law additionally as a hate crime offender. In particular it is argued that by focusing on the hate‐motivation of many sexual violence offenders, the criminal justice system can begin to move away from its current focus on the ‘sexual’ motivations of offenders and begin to more effectively challenge the gendered prejudices that are frequently causal to such crimes.     

Here we go round the review-go-round: Rape investigation and prosecution—are things getting worse not better?

Abstract

Despite numerous reviews, reports and commissions of inquiry, the investigation and prosecution of rape cases remains fraught. Victims are still ambivalent about reporting incidents of sexual violence, while those who do often struggle to be believed and have their cases progress through justice systems. This paper explores some of the reasons why promised reforms materialise so rarely into tangible benefits for the majority of rape complainants, and focuses on six areas: reporting, attrition, adversarial justice systems, victim support, specialisation and attitudes. These are canvassed with particular reference to examples from England and New Zealand demonstrating the barriers to substantive reform and the ways in which gender inequalities and patriarchal beliefs continue to impact upon both the prevalence of sexual violence as well as state responses to its occurrence. The paper contains a cautionary message regarding the potential dangers involved in accepting the rhetoric of reform while the underlying realities remain little changed.     

Burundi’s rebel groups and the stigmatisation of wartime sexual violence

ABSTRACT

Despite assumptions about the ubiquity of wartime sexual violence, some armed actors work hard to generate negative views of rape and other abuses. This article qualitatively explores rebel group stigmatisation (and stigma) of wartime sexual violence and prohibitive normative practices. Regularly discussed with reference to the shaming of victims or survivors, stigmatisation is nonetheless utilised here as a concept for understanding how sexual coercion is “made” deviant and consequential for potential perpetrators. Two rebel groups from Burundi’s civil war (1994–2008), CNDD-FDD (National Council for the Defence of Democracy-Forces for the Defence of Democracy) and FNL (Palipehutu-Forces for National Liberation), are compared. The FNL stigmatised rape and sexual assault, and the nature and quality of its practices shaped negative social norms surrounding rape. The article’s main contribution is to demonstrate the need to deepen and widen the evidence base on the prevention of wartime sexual violence.     

HE染色涂片上精子DNA的提取与HLA-DQa基因扩增分型

本文对ＨＥ染色涂片上精子ＤＮＡ的提取、ＰＣＲ扩增分型的可行性与可靠性进行了研究。２０张ＨＥ染色涂片的实验结果表明：ＨＥ染色涂片上的精子是可以被回收并提取到ＤＮＡ进行ＨＬＡ－ＤＱａ基因的ＰＣＲ扩增分型的，其分型结果准确可靠。这说明精子的ＨＥ染色涂片也是进行ＤＮＡ分析的一种很好的检材来源。     

To block or not to block – European child porno law in question

The EU Commission has proposed a new Directive on combating sexual abuse, sexual exploitation of children and child pornography. The updated piece of legislation proposes to block access to child pornography websites. After months of negotiation, the Council, Parliament and Commission have agreed on a compromised text which generates more confusion and has been lambasted as meaningless. The compromised text is a result of powerful lobbying by Hollywood porno industry, Internet Service Providers and civil libertarians. The compromised text brings to highlight the tension between freedom of speech and protection of children.