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1.
《Development in Practice》2012,22(5-6):819-834
In the literature on the religious contribution to health and development, it is commonly stated that faith-inspired institutions (FIIs) provide from 30 to 70 per cent of all health care provision in Africa. This article tracks the sources of such statements back to the 1960s, highlighting a process of ‘broken telephone’ whereby estimates are passed on and frequently distorted by policy- and advocacy-oriented influences at both the national and international levels. This demonstrates how estimates are being wielded bluntly, often resulting in poorly substantiated claims to the detriment of more careful research, thereby weakening the empirical knowledge-base and improved practice. Jouer au téléphone arabe : évaluation de la prestation de services de santé par les institutions inspirées par la religion en Afrique Dans les écrits portant sur la contribution de la religion à la santé et au développement, il est souvent affirmé que les institutions inspirées par la religion (IIR) fournissent entre 30 et 70 pour cent de tous les services de santé en Afrique. Cet article remonte à la source de ces déclarations, qui date des années 1960, et met en évidence un processus de « téléphone arabe » par lequel les estimations sont retransmises et fréquemment déformées par des influences axées sur les politiques publiques et le plaidoyer, aux niveaux national et international. Cela démontre la manière dont les estimations sont présentées à la va-vite, entraînant souvent des affirmations non fondées, au détriment de recherches plus minutieuses, ce qui a pour effet d'affaiblir la base de connaissances empirique et l'amélioration des pratiques. Brincando de telefone sem fio: avaliando a provisão de serviço de saúde inspirado na fé na África Na literatura sobre a contribuição religiosa para a saúde e desenvolvimento, é comumente afirmado que as Instituições Inspiradas na Fé (FIIs) são responsáveis por 30 a 70 por cento de toda a provisão de serviço de saúde na África. Este artigo investiga as fontes de tais afirmações desde a década de 1960, destacando um processo de “telefone sem fio” em que estimativas são apresentadas e frequentemente distorcidas por influências orientadas por políticas - e defesa de direitos – no âmbito nacional e internacional. Isto demonstra como as estimativas estão sendo manipuladas sem rodeios, frequentemente resultando em afirmações sem fundamento em detrimento de pesquisas mais cuidadosas, enfraquecendo assim a base de conhecimento empírico e melhores práticas. Jugando al teléfono roto: evaluando los servicios de salud inspirados en la fe en África En lo que se ha escrito sobre la contribución de las organizaciones religiosas a la salud y al desarrollo, se afirma a menudo que las instituciones inspiradas en la fe proporcionan del 30 al 70 por ciento de la atención a la salud en África. Este ensayo sostiene que el origen de estas afirmaciones se remonta a los años 60 y que se produjo un proceso de “teléfono roto” porque, al trasmitirse las cifras, a menudo se tergiversaron por motivos políticos o de incidencia, tanto a niveles nacionales como internacionales. El ensayo demuestra que las cifras se manejan sin precisión, lo cual conduce a que a menudo se hagan acusaciones sin sustento que perjudican a las investigaciones más minuciosas y debilitan los conocimientos empíricos y las mejores prácticas. 相似文献
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Purity Mwendwa 《Development in Practice》2016,26(1):38-51
This article examines field results that show the potential for mobile health (mHealth) technologies to support community health workers (CHWs) in delivering basic maternal and new-born services in Rwanda. The fit of RapidSMS, a UNICEF/Ministry of Health (MOH) mHealth technology is examined through focus groups with CHWs. The results highlight the need for more training in the use of RapidSMS, continued upgrading of mobile phones, devising innovative ways of charging mobile phones, and ensuring the availability of ambulances. We suggest that CHW supervision be a two-way process built into RapidSMS utilising real-time communication to enhance effectiveness. 相似文献
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This article discusses the CORE Group Polio Project Ethiopia's introduction of community-based surveillance (CBS) of acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) to support polio eradication. A USAID-funded collaboration among Ethiopian and US-based NGOs, the CGPP supports volunteers in education about AFP and encouraging case reporting. Volunteers also conduct active case searches, visiting community leaders likely to have contact with paralysis cases. The project's methods strengthen communities' awareness of AFP and their connection to the health system. Data indicate a near doubling of AFP reporting in project areas since the implementation of CBS, according to MOH-E (Ministry of Health, Ethiopia)/WHO statistics. Allant au-delà du poste de santé: surveillance communautaire pour éradication de la poliomyélite Cet article traite de l'introduction par le Projet sur la polio du CORE Group (CGPP) en Éthiopie de la surveillance communautaire (SC) de la paralysie flasque aiguë (PFA) pour soutenir l’éradication de la polio. Le CGPP, collaboration financée par USAID entre ONG éthiopiennes et basées aux États-Unis, aide des volontaires à mener une éducation sur la PFA et à encourager la notification des cas. Les volontaires effectuent aussi des recherches actives de cas, rendant visite aux leaders communautaires susceptibles d’être en contact avec des cas de paralysie. Les méthodes du projet renforcent la prise de conscience par les communautés de la PFA et leurs liens avec le système de santé. Les données indiquent que le nombre de cas de PFA signalés a presque doublé dans les zones du projet depuis la mise en ?uvre de la SC, d'après les statistiques du Ministère de la Santé, éthiopien et de l'OMS. Llegar más allá del puesto de salud: vigilancia comunitaria para erradicación de la poliomielitis Este artículo examina el Proyecto contra la Poliomielitis llevado a cabo en Etiopía por CORE Group (CGPP por sus siglas en inglés), así como el uso que realiza del método de vigilancia comunitaria (VC) para el seguimiento de la parálisis flácida aguda (PFA). El objetivo de este proyecto es erradicar la polio. Constituye un esfuerzo conjunto de ONG etíopes y estadounidenses, financiado por USAID. CGPP apoya la formación de voluntarios para la vigilancia de la PFA, promoviendo la elaboración de informes sobre distintos casos. Asimismo, los voluntarios dan seguimiento a los casos vigentes, realizando visitas a los líderes comunitarios que, con frecuencia, tienen contacto con personas con parálisis. La metodología del proyecto impulsa la conciencia comunitaria en relación a la PFA y al vínculo entre las comunidades y el sistema de salud. Las estadísticas reportadas por el Ministerio de Salud de Etiopía y la OMS indican que, desde que inició la VC, se han duplicado los informes sobre PFA en las áreas abarcadas por el proyecto. Indo além do posto de saúde: investigação baseada na comunidade para a erradicação da polio Este artigo discute a introdução da Investigação Baseada na Comunidade sobre casos de paralisia flácida aguda (AFP) do Projeto Pólio do Grupo CORE da Etiópia, voltada para apoiar a erradicação da pólio. Uma colaboração financiada pela USAID entre ONGs baseadas na Etiópia e EUA, o CGPP apóia voluntários na educação sobre AFP e incentiva o relato de casos. Os voluntários também conduzem pesquisas de caso ativas, visitando líderes de comunidade que provavelmente tenham contato com casos de paralisia. Os métodos do projeto fortalecem a conscientização das comunidades a respeito da AFP e sua conexão com o sistema de saúde. Os dados indicam que o número de relatos de AFP nas áreas do projeto quase dobrou desde a Implementação da Investigação Baseada na Comunidade, de acordo com estatísticas da MOH-E/WHO. 相似文献
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“We want financial accountability”: deconstructing tensions of community participation in CHPS,Ghana
This article reports on the ways and factors that facilitate or constrain community participation in the Community-based Health Planning and Services (CHPS) programme in Nsanfo, a village in Central Region of Ghana. We found that the community made an important step through mobilising the necessary resources in establishing the CHPS compound, which has resulted in improved access to health care. Yet maintaining the facility did not matter most to community members, owing chiefly to unmet demands for financial accountability pertaining to the running of the programme. Failure to clearly identify various actors and their roles potentially explains this state of affairs. 相似文献
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ABSTRACTSubstantial effort has been put into forming and strengthening national networks of non-state, non-profit health providers in lower- to middle-income contexts. Christian health associations (national umbrella networks of faith-inspired health providers) were first established in the 1950s, and are currently present in an estimated 23 of the 54 countries in Africa. The establishment of CHAs was equally encouraged by faith-based health providers, governments, and external stakeholders. CHAs look different in each context, but perform similar roles: networking diverse institutions and facilities together into a loose system; and establishing a more cohesive sector to simplify and strengthen advocacy and engagement with the government. 相似文献
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Angélique K. Rwiyereka 《Development in Practice》2014,24(5-6):686-692
Implementing change is far harder than making policy pronouncements that call for change. Rwanda, in the 20 years since the 1994 genocide, has made substantial progress in turning around its economy and in meeting key Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). Real GDP in Rwanda grew at a rate of over 8% per year in the past years, the percentage of the people living in poverty has dropped by 14%, and UNDP reports that Rwanda is on track to meeting many but not all MDGs by 2015. Rwanda's progress in economic and social spheres stands out in Africa, where many countries, despite commitments to the MDGs, lag behind on performance. The difference in Rwanda is the leadership's attention to implementation, and the incorporation of endogenous practices, particularly into planning and accountability. This article is based on observations of practice at national and community levels and of policy design and implementation. It is a by-product of a study of the impact of different approaches to community health delivery systems in Rwanda, completed as part of the author's doctoral dissertation, and also of the author's experience working within the government in Rwanda. 相似文献
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ABSTRACTIn sub-Saharan Africa many individuals rely on non-state health providers, and engagement between state and non-state providers is increasingly common. Little analytic work has been done on the varied models of engagement, resulting in a lack of clarity about the promises and challenges of public–private engagement (PPE) for health. Despite their prevalence, PPEs often fail. Faith-based health providers (FBHPs) form a significant proportion of the non-state health sector in sub-Saharan Africa, and the number of partnerships with FBHPs is increasing. Building on a prior systematic review project that developed a typology of organisational models for PPE for health, this article reports on a secondary analysis, highlighting PPE initiatives with FBHPs. 相似文献
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Paul Kishindo 《Development in Practice》2014,24(8):1062-1069
Community self-help has been the principal strategy for creating social infrastructure in rural Malawi since independence. One rural community in Balaka district, southern Malawi, embarked on a project to construct a police unit as a response to rising incidents of crime. Begun in 1999, the project remains unfinished. There seems to be no interest in completing the work. This paper finds the explanation in the manner the project was initiated and how the village community was involved in its execution. 相似文献
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Women are forbidden from giving birth within the community in Dove, Ghana because it is against their culture. Such cultural practice is scarce in contemporary societies so studies on the impact of the practice are currently limited in development literature. This article uses key informant interviews and focus group discussion guides to gather data. Findings reveal that the Chief, the Queenmother, and other community members maintain that the practice is not negatively affecting the socio-economic development of Dove as they have strategies to mitigate the practice. 相似文献
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Megan Hershey 《Development in Practice》2014,24(1):51-62
NGOs receive praise and criticism for their international development efforts, but more work is needed to measure their contributions. This article lays out the contributions of local NGOs to HIV-prevention efforts. It draws on data from a survey of young people's experiences with NGOs to demonstrate the reach of several local HIV-prevention NGOs in Nairobi, Kenya. It argues that even small NGOs are capable of making measurable contributions to development in their fields. It also shows how factors such as education levels, religiosity, and discussions about HIV/AIDS can support NGO efforts by encouraging youth to participate in HIV-prevention programming. 相似文献
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Cudjoe Bennett Manka Banda Lior Miller Joseph Ciza William Clemmer Mary Linehan 《Development in Practice》2017,27(5):750-759
ABSTRACTThe eastern Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) is impacted by a prolonged conflict and humanitarian crisis. Sexual and gender-based violence (SGBV) affects an estimated 39.7% of women and 23.6% of men in the region, and is associated with serious medical, psychological, and socio-economic outcomes for survivors and communities. IMA World Health, a faith-based non-profit organisation, implements a USAID-funded project, Ushindi, which is a collaborative effort with three national NGOs and one technical partner in response to SGBV in eastern DRC. The consortium provides a comprehensive package of services to SGBV survivors, focusing on medical, emotional, psychological, legal, and socio-economic needs. 相似文献
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Frank Arku Stephen Omari Benzies Adu-Okoree Abubakari Abduramane 《Development in Practice》2015,25(8):1160-1169
This article presents a study that aimed to assess the accessibility, use, and quality of harvested rainwater in three rural communities in Ghana where the government of Ghana and local and international development organisations have sponsored domestic rainwater harvesting. The results showed that rainwater storage facilities were within the recommended distance of 1000m from each house. The amount of rainwater per person per day was below the recommended amount. The majority of the respondents therefore depended on other sources of water. Though the physico-chemical quality of rainwater met the WHO guideline limit for drinking water, the bacteriological quality did not. The majority of common water-associated infections experienced prior to the project have not been experienced after the project. 相似文献
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Corinne Schuster-Wallace Susan Watt Zachariah Mulawa Morgan Pommells 《Development in Practice》2019,29(2):183-195
Inadequate water, sanitation, and hygiene (WaSH) knowledge and practices affect maternal and newborn morbidity and mortality. This article describes postpartum knowledge, resources, and practices in three rural Ugandan hospitals. A lack of WaSH resources was problematic for both staff and newly-birthed mothers who demonstrated a lack of knowledge about the appropriate use of WaSH resources and the links between WaSH and health protection. These results suggest that in addition to increasing the availability of medical interventions, basic preventative public health practices should be reflected in policy and practice integrated across the spaces inhabited by pregnant women to achieve improved maternal and newborn outcomes. 相似文献
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《Development in Practice》2012,22(5-6):875-882
The role of religion in development is often neglected, whether this refers to the faith of intended beneficiaries, provides staff and volunteers with a motivation for involvement in development practice or influences the design and implementation of projects. This paper examines how Islam provides guidance for development practice, with a focus on addressing HIV/AIDS, using a South African case study. The case study highlights important principles on which two Muslim organisations (Islamic Careline and the Muslim AIDS Programme) base their operational methodologies. It shows how Islamic beliefs have influenced their approach to addressing issues related to HIV/AIDS in the South African context, where prevalence rates remain very high, the impact of the epidemic is widely felt and Islam is a minority faith. L'Islam et les pratiques de développement : VIH et sida en Afrique du Sud Le rôle de la religion dans le développement est souvent oublié, qu'elle concerne la foi des bénéficiaires prévus, donne aux membres du personnel et aux volontaires une motivation pour prendre part aux pratiques de développement, ou influence la conception et la mise en œuvre des projets. Cet article examine la manière dont l'Islam donne des conseils pour les pratiques de développement, en se concentrant sur la lutte contre le VIH et le sida, à l'aide d'une étude de cas sud-africaine. Cette étude de cas met en relief des principes importants sur lesquels deux organisations musulmanes (Islamic Careline et le Muslim AIDS Programme) basent leurs méthodologies opérationnelles. Elle montre comment les croyances islamiques ont influencé leur approche pour aborder les questions liées au VIH et au sida dans le contexte sud-africain, où les taux de prévalence restent élevés, l'impact de l'épidémie se fait largement sentir et l'Islam est une foi minoritaire. Islamismo e prática de desenvolvimento: HIV e AIDS na África do Sul O papel da religião no desenvolvimento é frequentemente negligenciado, seja ele referente à fé dos beneficiários pretendidos, proporcione motivação aos funcionários e voluntários para que se envolvam na prática de desenvolvimento ou influencie a criação e implementação de projetos. Este artigo examina como o Islamismo oferece orientação para a prática de desenvolvimento, com enfoque na abordagem do HIV e a AIDS, utilizando um estudo de caso sul-africano. O estudo de caso destaca princípios importantes nos quais duas organizações islâmicas (Islamic Careline e o Programa Muçulmano contra a AIDS) baseiam suas metodologias operacionais. Ele mostra como as crenças islâmicas têm influenciado sua abordagem para tratar de questões relacionadas ao HIV e AIDS no contexto sul-africano, onde as taxas de incidência permanecem muito altas, o impacto da epidemia é amplamente sentido e o Islamismo é uma fé minoritária. Islamismo y desarrollo: VIH y SIDA en Sudáfrica A menudo se pasa por alto el papel de la religión en el desarrollo, trátese de la fe de los beneficiarios, de la motivación del personal y de los voluntarios o de su influencia en el diseño y la implementación de los proyectos. Basado en un estudio de caso de Sudáfrica, este ensayo examina cómo el islamismo orienta la práctica del desarrollo centrándose en la atención al VIH/SIDA. El estudio de caso pone de relieve principios fundamentales sobre los cuales dos organizaciones islámicas (Islamic Careline y el Programa Islámico sobre SIDA) han elaborado sus metodologías de operación. También demuestra cómo la fe islámica se ha utilizado para responder a temas vinculados al VIH/SIDA en Sudáfrica, donde la tasa de prevalencia sigue alta, el impacto de la epidemia se ha generalizado y el islam es una fe minoritaria. 相似文献
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Ingrid Nanne Mosa Moshabela Uyen Huynh Papa Meissa Diop 《Development in Practice》2015,25(8):1120-1130
This article discusses case examples of community-led initiatives triggered by the introduction of an external development programme in Senegal and Mali. These are community initiatives that learn from projects initiated and funded by an external donor organisation, and transform interventions to better meet their own needs. The circumstances leading to the demand for, and successful establishment of, health infrastructure are examined to understand the triggers. These breakthroughs demonstrate unintended benefits of development, and the need to leverage donor-led initiatives. Therefore, community involvement, participation, and empowerment are key in establishing local ownership in development projects. 相似文献
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ABSTRACTAlthough the percentage of health services provided by the faith-based sector in sub-Saharan Africa is often cited along a range from 30% to 70%, depending on the country, such citations tend to be anecdotal and without reference to actual analysis of health service data. This article reports on a secondary analysis of health service data in Kenya to determine the percentage of HIV services provided by faith-based health providers. It then discusses the contributions of faith-based providers in light of these data, identifying opportunities and challenges involved in efforts to ensure that the resources of the faith-based sector are maximised. 相似文献
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This practical note outlines Concern's approach to pro-poor budget analysis using the case of the Kenya Free Primary Education (FPE) policy. Analysis conducted on the outcomes of the FPE policy for Nairobi's urban slum-based poor suggests that the policy is not being implemented evenly within the city. The reasons stem from poor allocation and planning approaches, to political interference and unwillingness of teachers to work in slum-based schools. These have the unintended effect of increasing inequities for the urban poor, the reverse of the policy intention. The note outlines the pitfalls and practicalities of conducting this type of analysis. 相似文献
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This article examines a training approach for community health volunteers which increased access to maternal health services in rural communities in Zambia. The effectiveness of the training approach was evaluated in an operations research component. Skilled birth attendance rates increased by 63% from baseline over a two-year period in the intervention districts, out-performing increases recorded in control sites at statistically significant levels. As a low-cost, high-impact intervention which shows good sustainability potential, the approach is suitable for national level scale-up and for adaptation for use in other countries in support of maternal and new-born health goals. 相似文献