试析城市化对印度可持续发展的影响

城市化是居住在农业地区的人口向城市或非农业中心转移,是每个发达国家在其经济发展过程中经历的必然阶段。随着印度经济的发展,印度也必然经历城市化过程,而且印度的城市化规模在世界城市化史上将是史无前例的。城市是印度发展的基础,城市是印度经济发展的重要载体,城市也是印度经济社会包容性发展的关键。城市是印度社会的一个缩影,是不同社区、不同行业和不同收入阶层的共同的家园,城市在印度经济社会发展中发挥的作用会越来越大。     

Cities and sustainability: Southeast Asian and European perspectives

While cities are considered to be inherently unsustainable, these urban human settlements will be where a majority of the population will be living in the next two to three decades. Among the ten largest cities in the world in terms of population sizes, three are in Southeast Asia alone and more than one in two people will be living in cities in 2025. These primate cities—Metro-Manila in the Philippines, Jakarta in Indonesia and Bangkok in Thailand—are seeing not only rapid rates of in-migration but also rapid expansion and urban sprawl. Such rapid rates of change pose growing challenges to Southeast Asian cities including smaller capital cities like Kuala Lumpur, Ho Chi Minh City and Singapore. The strongest challenge concern infrastructural provision and particularly that provided for urban transport and mobility. Urban traffic congestion is an issue that is common to most Southeast Asian cities including Singapore which has introduced relatively draconian policy measures to both contain the level of car ownership and the use of the car. A comparison with several European cities highlight where Southeast Asian cities can review their own urban transport policies. This paper focuses on the lessons that can be learnt from a comparative study of the infrastructural provision and public policies that are in place in Southeast Asian and European cities.     

High and Low Tide: Sino–American Relations and Summit Diplomacy in the Second World War

Studies of Chinese involvement in Allied relations during the Second World War tend to focus on the Cairo Conference of November 1943 and see it as the high point for China’s wartime diplomacy. This analysis argues that the Moscow Foreign Ministers’ Conference, held just prior to Cairo in late October–early November, was more important for the achievement of China’s longer-term interests. The participation at Moscow of Cordell Hull, the American secretary of state, was unique as the State Department was absent from almost all the Allied wartime summits. President Franklin Roosevelt liked to conduct his diplomacy personally. In Moscow, however, Hull represented the United States, and his patience and persistence led to the inclusion of China in the Four Nation Declaration that resulted from the meeting. That, in turn, meant that China was eventually included as a permanent member of the eventual United Nations Security Council and seen as a post-war Great Power. It was a more significant outcome than those resulting from the Cairo Conference.     

Beijing: A conference of commitments?

The author of this article holds the view that the Declaration and Platform for Action at the UN Fourth World Conference on Women held in Beijing in 1995 was the product of the most highly participatory process ever organized under the auspices of the UN. The Declaration and Platform expressed the strongest views on gender equality, empowerment, and justice that governments have ever endorsed. These documents were the consolidation of gains made by women in previous UN conferences. The 135-page Platform can be used at all levels of decision making. Governments and international can be held accountable for its provisions. The Platform exposes the problems violence and exploitation against women and girls as well as the revelation that environmental destruction is due to an unsustainable pattern of consumption and production, particularly in developed countries. Conference participants included about 3000 nongovernmental groups (NGOs). The Women's Linkage Caucus and WEDO served to facilitate the advocacy process by providing briefings on text still under negotiation and providing on-line recommendations from the 1995 and 1994 Commission on the Status of Women preparatory committee meetings. A scoreboard that tracked government's commitment at the 1995 preparatory committee meetings was reinstated in Beijing. The information was conveyed on the Internet. The European Union is credited with diluting the language about government commitment to the Platform. Governments are still given responsibility for implementation, and the need for political will is stressed (paragraph 293). Paragraph 297 indicates the process for implementation of the Platform and coordination with NGOs. Although the Platform recognizes the importance of women's groups and other NGOs, the responsibility for implementation is still given to governments.     

The Urban Environment and its Influences on Insurgent Campaigns

For a long time, insurgency was a rural affair. The growing modernization of the modern world, however, shifts conflicts to the cities and requires us to explore the logics of armed struggle in urban environments. This article explores how the urban environment shapes armed conflicts, and argues that insurgents face severe practical constraints when acting in the cities. The urban environment offers the insurgents alternative ways of financing and of operating while close state control impedes them in pursuing a classic strategy of insurgency. Although state control cannot prevent attacks as such, it particularly hampers insurgents in relating to the population and organizing opposition. However, without massive and active support, armed struggle will remain sectarian and, thus, fail to achieve major political changes. This article argues that urban insurgents face a paradoxical relationship with society. While urban insurgents become independent of social support on an operational level, they depend more than ever on spontaneous massive and active social support on a strategic level.     

Explaining Urban Social Disorder and Violence: An Empirical Study of Event Data from Asian and Sub-Saharan African Cities

By 2050, two thirds of the world's population will live in cities, and the greatest growth in urban populations will take place in the least developed countries. This presents many governments with considerable challenges related to urban governance and the provision of services and opportunities to a burgeoning urban population. In the current article, we use a new event dataset on city-level urban social disorder, drawing upon prominent theories in the conflict literature. The dataset spans the 1960–2009 period, covering 55 major cities in Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa and includes data on nonviolent actions such as demonstrations and strikes and violent political actions like riots, terrorism, and armed conflict. We find that urban social disorder is associated in particular with low economic growth rates and hybrid democratic regimes, while level of development, economic inequality, large youth bulges, and economic globalization do not seem to affect levels of urban social disorder.     

Eviction and homelessness: the impact on African children

More than 80 million African children lack access to healthy shelter, and 16 million of these children are living on the streets. This phenomenon of street children represents massive social failure as well as a violation of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child. Urbanization--and the attendant processes of industrial expansion, land speculation, and "beautification"--has created a cycle of poverty, evictions, family disruption, and unwanted and abandoned children. In African cities, at least 60% of the population lives in informal, underserviced, and frequently illegal slums and squatter settlements in households generally headed by a single mother. Increasingly, eviction is being used as a strategy for driving the poor out of urban areas where they have come to seek work. Mothers who are themselves illiterate, malnourished, and constantly facing the threat of eviction are unable to meet their children's basic security needs. Moreover, violent evictions subvert children's educational and health status, cause psychological trauma and the loss of a sense of belonging, and exacerbate the household's precarious economic status. Nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) have been successful in preventing some evictions and have established programs for the care of street children. Recommended is improved coordination between NGOs and local and national governments, as exemplified by the urban child welfare task force established by the Kenyan Government. Above all, however, NGOs need to develop strategies for dealing more effectively with mass urban poverty and providing the necessary infrastructure to improve the lives of slum residents.     

后京都时代国际气候合作机制的前景分析

1997年以来，《京都议定书》在实施过程中遭遇一系列的困境。在2009年联合国气候变化哥本哈根峰会上，发达国家之间、发达国家与新兴经济体之间再一次展开新一轮的气候外交博弈，会议达成的《哥本哈根协议》缺乏法律约束力，后京都时代国际气候合作仍将面临巨大的挑战。     

“Bandung Spirit” Lives on

GatheringagaininBandung Li:Theepoch-makingBandungConferencewasheldin1955,and asecondconferencewasconvenedinBandung50yearslateratthe initiativeofthepresidentsofIndonesiaandSouthAfrica.Thenew gatheringwasnotonlyforcelebrationofthe50thanniversaryofthe BandungConferencebutalsoforestablishmentof“newAsia-Pacific StrategicPartnership.”ChinesePresidentHuJintaoattendedthe meetinganddeliveredanimportantspeech.EveryreflectionshowsthattheAsian-Africanconferencethisyearisasuccessfulaffairfea-turi…     

老挝加入世界贸易组织面临的机遇和挑战

2012年10月26日,在瑞士日内瓦举行的世界贸易组织总理事会会议上,老挝被正式批准加入世界贸易组织（WTO）,成为其第158个成员国。老挝是东盟国家中最贫穷的国家之一,也是东盟国家中最后一个加入世界贸易组织的国家。加入世界贸易组织为老挝经济发展带来了机遇,也迎来了挑战,但机遇大于挑战。     

Peace and Disarmament are Still the Common Aspiration of the People of All Countries

Thecurrentoverallinternationalsituationiscom鄄plicatedandvolatile熏nevertheless熏theoutbreakofaworldwarintoday'sworldisunlikely.Peaceanddevelopmentremainthemajorthemesofourtimes熏anditisquitehopefulforthewholeworldtoenjoypeaceandstabilityforalongperiodoftimetocome.Evenso熏nobodycandenythefrequentemer鄄genceofeconomicandpoliticalcrisis.Theworldsituationisfarfrombeingtranquilandpeaceful熏sincetheterrorismisnoteliminated熏hegemonismandpowerpoliticsshownewmanifestations熏thesit鄄uationinMiddleEas…     

Slum dwellers' diagnosis of their own needs: implications for community development in Nigeria

This report describes a community participatory approach for improving health in urban slum communities in Nigeria. The study site included 6 slum communities in Lagos State. Public health conditions included poor hygiene, overcrowding, blocked drainage systems, lack of toilet facilities, feces-contaminated water, and cramped housing construction. Drinking water was unavailable, and people obtained paid water per bucket. These communities had taken it upon themselves to improve conditions. People built roads, acquired electricity, dug gutters, and planned their communities. In one community, a school was built; in another, a health center. One community spent its energies preventing another relocation. Interviews revealed people's interest in talking about the history of their communities, the peculiar problems faced, their organizational structure, and solutions to improving their lives. Slum dwellers did not view themselves as poor. People wanted drinking water, better roads linking their community to the larger community, expanded canals to prevent flooding, good drainage, electricity and street lights, good education, literacy education, modern equipment for sand dredging, improved fishing systems, better buildings, a policy department, libraries, and recreational facilities. No one mentioned health education. Without this assessment, the author would have set up an inappropriate health education plan. The alternative was to help these communities secure funding for their desired projects.     

印度崛起对中国经济发展的影响

印度崛起首先必须是经济崛起，没有经济崛起，印度崛起几乎是不可能的。作者认为，印度社会经济存在某些重要特性，这在一定程度上决定印度经济崛起将是一个比较长期的过程。印度经济崛起将对世界经济产生一定的影响，也会对中国经济发展产生某些影响；且随着印度经济加快发展，对中国经济发展的影响也将有所加强；在为中国经济发展带来某些机遇的同时，也对中国经济发展形成某种挑战。     

以科学发展观指导东北城市规划的整合与完善

科学发展观既是新时期国家发展和建设的战略方针,也是引领城市规划转型的指导思想。坚持区域统筹,整合东北区城市发展,研究实施以城市为中心的大区域发展规划,是振兴东北老工业基地的关键。为此,就以统筹整合规划及建设,实施东北城市整合的发展战略。     

跨入新世纪越南经济社会的发展与政策调整

跨入新世纪越南的经济和社会的发展取得较大进展,2000年越南经济逐渐制止增长下滑的趋势,扫饥减穷工作也取得成绩。2001年是越南新的五年计划的开始,越共“九大”也将召开,越南将在工业化、现代化和主动融入世界经济的道路上继续前进。     

Comparing urban renewal in Barcelona and Seoul—urban management in conditions of competition among global cities

Cities have become increasingly autonomous economic and political actors which actively respond to the pressures and opportunities of globalisation. Consequently, the urban management of any particular city is often based on the assumption that the city can improve its position against rival cities by efficiently managing its strategic resources and promoting its presumed advantages. Though such an approach to urban management may help cities to improve their global competitiveness and the quality of their residents’ everyday life, it can sometimes result in negative consequences at the local level, thus actually narrowing the development prospects of the cities in the end. This article discusses urban management against the backdrop of the competitive urban policy in Barcelona and Seoul, and compares the local consequences of urban renewal in both cities. Based on a comparison of the two cases of urban renewal, 22@ Activity District in Barcelona and the Cheonggyecheon restoration in Seoul, this article argues that, in conditions of competition among global cities, even very different approaches to urban management and urban renewal may result in similar consequences at the local level.     

Erstwhile villages in urban India

In the process of urbanisation villages are becoming parts of cities or towns, and are becoming almost irreversibly transformed as a result. Erstwhile villages, now parts of cities and towns, are on the margins of an urbanising India. They are lagging behind other parts of the cities in terms of receiving basic urban services and infrastructures. Urban development processes should look at the specific issues and concerns of these villages independently from the need and scope of planning for the city at large. This would make the transition from rural to urban status fair and inclusive for erstwhile villagers.     

万隆会议：推动亚非国家联合自强的重要里程碑——纪念亚非会议50周年座谈会综述

2005年3月30日,中国亚非发展交流协会在北京国际饭店国际厅举行纪念亚非会议50周年座谈会.部分亚非国家使节、资深外交官,国内知名学者和16位我国前驻亚非国家大使应邀出席.     

Overcoming stigma and fostering participation: mechanisms for community reintegration in Colombia

ABSTRACT

Mechanisms for community reintegration are under-researched. In Colombia and elsewhere, scholars outline the importance of effectively reintegrating ex-combatants into local communities, but they hardly consider the practicalities of it. A major hindering factor to community reintegration is stigma. It leads to a fear of ex-combatants, causing people to refrain from participating in community reintegration projects. This article identifies and analyses four principal mechanisms that help to overcome stigma and foster participation: information provision, inclusion of target groups in design and implementation, provision of incentives for participation and a change in the narrative surrounding ex-combatants. The analysis is based on a series of interviews with project staff and ex-combatants, taking into account state-run and local projects in Colombia’s capital Bogotá. This article identifies potential for increased co-operation between state and local actors. Furthermore, it argues that projects should increasingly work with interest instead of geographic communities. Working with interest communities creates incentives for participation and facilitates community reintegration in urban environments. Accordingly, this article counters the argument that community reintegration in cities is difficult to achieve.