《晋书.刑法志》中的法哲学

《晋书·则法志》是中国法律思想史上的一部重要著作,同时也是一部集中反映中国传统法哲学的经典作品.在法本体论问题上,《晋书·;刑法志》向我们介绍了一种“整体论”的法律观,即法律是一种复合物,呈“三位一体”结构,其权威也是建立在“复合型权威”基础之上.在法认识论问题上,《晋书·刑法志》叙述了晋代的人们在“法律科学化”方面所做的种种尝试.在法律方法论上,《晋书·刑法志》表达了尽理为法、奉法循理等科学的司法理念.《晋书·刑法志》中的法哲学是一种非常先进的法哲学.     

Legal Cultures in the European Union

The introductory part of the essay deals with the notion of legal culture and its categories. Later, the author sets forth the characteristics of the common law and the Roman- German legal cultures, including the legal families within them. He also touches upon the tendencies of the development of the German legal and political culture. With respect to the integration of the legal systems into the EU, the author argues as an advocate of convergence. Both basic legal cultures are being modified as, besides statutory law, judicial law becomes significant in the continental legal systems and statutory law complements case law in the common law systems. As to the integration of the Hungarian legal culture into the EU, the essay points to two principal considerations. On the one hand, when working on making our legal culture "euro-conform", we must not forget about maintaining our own legal culture. On the other hand, the Hungarian legal culture can contribute to the development of the legal system of the EU, e. g. with some of the regulations of our statute on the ethnic minorities. At the end, the author shows that the efficacy of the European law is heavily dependant upon the national legal systems.     

法律事实的意义辨析

民法学通常将法律事实作为引致法律关系得丧变更的具体事实。但该定位隐含着表达与所指的错位，并缺失立法视角的审视，其法律意义还容易被常识所覆盖。要修正这些不当，宜从立法视角出发，以规范为定位点，法律事实因此可一般化为与法律效果对应的构成要件，即在特定功能引导下经由专业逻辑安排而形成的格式化社会现实的规范工具，同时又能具体化为构成要件中的构造要素。它们的关系错综而有序，反映了民法的体系性。以规范面目出现的法律事实是法律理念与现实的对应与调适，在适用中还要与个案的具体事实再次对应与调适。法律事实由此充满互动的张力，同时也使民法学有了多元的知识资源。但无论如何，法律事实并非具体事实。     

宪法权利与民事权利关系辨

宪法是一国法律体系中的根本法,民法是对宪法在民事领域的具体化;但宪法又是公法,与作为私法的民法有本质上的区别。与此相对应,宪法权利与民事权利在性质、内容和行使方式等方面存在差别,但宪法权利功能的变迁又使其有影响民事权利发展的可能性。人权是整体法律体系的价值基础,人权入宪为宪法权利通过其体现的人权价值影响民事权利提供了法律基础,尽管如此,两者仍是不同性质的权利,宪法权利规范不能直接用于调整私人间的民事权利义务关系。     

接近正义寻求和谐:案例指导制度的法哲学之维

案例指导制度是既不同于大陆法系的判例,也不同于普通法系中判例法的一项新制度,是我国司法机关在既有的制度框架和现行司法体制基础上所进行的一项接近正义、寻求和谐的制度创新。一方面,案例指导制度能够解决因制定法自身缺陷与不足所造成的同案不同判的问题,确保司法平等,实现形式正义。另一方面,案例指导制度有助于实现法律调整机制结构的合理化,即实现硬性约束和软性约束的有机结合,进而形成对社会生活有效回应的弹性法律调整机制。     

The Use of Unwritten Legal Principles by Courts*

Abstract. I argue that one can distinguish two types of unwritten legal principles as applied by courts (in Europe). On the one hand, what are called “structural principles,” which are induced, or at least pretended to be induced, from the written law. On the other hand, what are called “ideological principles,” which are not induced from the actual legal system, but refer to current dominant beliefs in society as to morals, politics or other non legal ideologies. It is argued that the distinction between structural legal principles and ideological legal principles could be an important element for the elaboration of a legal principle theory, as both these types of principles meet a different need and play a different role in legal practice. Structural legal principles primarily meet the need for a new ius commune, in order to achieve the coherence and the completeness of the legal system, whereas ideological legal principles, just like the human rights, meet a revived demand for an ethical framework for the law.     

Law‐Linked Justice and Existence‐Linked Justice

Abstract. Justice as a manifestation of “the just” is an evasive concept. On the one hand there is the law, an operation run by professionals. On the other hand there are the citizens the law is meant for. Generally speaking the law strives for justice. But the law has to protect many different interests and must work through legal devices. Therefore the justice that emerges from it is necessarily a legal compromise. For the citizens the legal rules are a given reality. Generally they will agree that the law is there to achieve justice but legal arguments that justify a rule or decision cannot have the same value for them. In cases that affect them personally, justice will be a personal, existential experience, which may be incompatible with legal justice. It is hard to keep these two forms of justice under one roof. In order to make this easier this paper proposes a conceptual split between “law‐linked justice” and “existence‐linked justice.” It is argued that the law cannot in truth to its rational origin ignore the citizens’ experience of justice, out of the ordinary as they may be.     

西盟佤族原始法文化的原创性

西盟佤族法文化堪称原始法的典范,被国内外人类学家称为"人类原始社会的活化石",受到广泛关注。解读西盟佤族原始法文化的原创性将帮助我们反思现代法治进路的多元性和发展方向。文章试图从社会文化中研究原始法。一方面,通过对采访笔录、传说和历史叙事诗的考察,探寻原始的法意识和原始制度文化,试图从文化持有者的角度去理解西盟佤族法文化。另一方面,笔者又站在佤族文化圈以外,从"观察者"的角度,运用法人类学体系下的概念、范畴和术语,对西盟佤族社会的权威、规范和秩序进行分析、考察,进而理解原始法文化与现代法治的关系。在行文中,除了对相关资料进行整合、分析、评价外,还运用法人类学的"案例方法",借助一些典型性案例,真实展现西盟佤族法文化的原始特征和智慧因素。     

法治在民间的困惑——对羌族习惯法的考察

现代法治建设应是立足于本土化之上的国际化 ,既要学习西方的先进经验 ,更要注重保留民族传统中的文化之根 ,吸收其中的合理成份 ,进行创造性转化。刻意于对别人的模仿而缺少对现实国情的反思 ,是不可取的。     

Legal ‘Elasticity’ and ‘Sidestepping’ in European Crisis Management of Financial Markets

This paper explores the roles played by law in crisis management of financial markets and some possible consequences. Three questions are raised ‐‐about the ‘elastic’ use of law, about ‘sidestepping’ existing legal order by invention of new structures and about redistributive consequences. These questions are appraised empirically in relation to three areas of financial market law: public support given to banking from 2008 onwards; English case law concerning derivatives contracts when confronted with Lehman‐style insolvencies; and the European Stability Mechanism, which during summer 2015 was being primed in relation to Greece. On the first two case studies, law, having been mightily stretched, did not break. Likewise, legal sidestepping, as epitomised by the European Stability Mechanism, may result in a less coherent legal structure; however such incoherence may be not be fatal to the ensemble. On all three fronts, redistributive questions remain controversial, but controversy in itself does not undermine legal structures. A particular form of theory, the Legal Theory of Finance, is discussed in light of the case studies. Such theory may have an unfulfilled longing to discern law‐like regularities (ironically chasing economics).     

卫生法地位研究

卫生法是否为独立的法律部门,是卫生法学研究的热点问题。本文在对划分法律部门的目的、意义和标准重新构思的基础,认为卫生法在职能、调整对象和调整方法上都不足以成为一个独立的法律部门。尽管作为独立的卫生法法律部门难以成立,但完全可以形成一个以卫生法律规范和卫生法律问题为研究对象的独立、综合的卫生法学学科。     

The Legal Education and Training Review: regulating socio-legal and liberal legal education?

The Legal Education and Training Review (LETR) which reported in June 2013 conceded that undergraduate law degrees are generally outside the remit of the review other than when there is a direct impact on the provision of legal services. On first glance therefore the review has few implications for those of us interested in delivering a liberal legal education and developing socio-legal approaches to law and legal study. However, on closer reading, the report contains a number of suggestions which, if taken up by the regulators, have significant potential to change law degrees, even if regulation remains “light touch”. This article explores those issues with a particular focus on the implications for liberal law degrees and socio-legal approaches to law teaching. In particular the article will explore issues around possible changes to foundation subjects; the creation of a framework of learning outcomes; the possible strengthening of legal writing and research in the curriculum and the opportunities offered for the introduction of more socio-legal material; and the trickle-down effect likely to be felt by providers of undergraduate law degrees of changes in regulation of legal services and as a result of student, employer and other stakeholder expectations.     

国际法上的大国问题

大国问题是国际法实践中的一个老问题。近年来,国际关系民主化与国际法治成为日益重要的国际议程,一批新兴大国也正在崛起,这些新发展既为处理大国问题提供了历史机遇,也使得处理这一问题变得更为复杂,具有鲜明的时代特点。大国问题涉及大国拥有与作为国际法基础的主权平等原则相冲突的法律特权,但法律特权并非是导致大国问题的惟一原因;被赋予法律特权的大国应当承担特殊的法律义务,但获得法律特权并非是大国承担特殊义务,包括特殊法律义务的惟一依据。为了有效约束大国的行动,国际社会一方面应当限制大国可以获得的特权、强化大国应当承担的特殊义务尤其法律义务,另一方面应当寻求建立监督大国依法善意行使特权、履行义务的程序法机制。     

欲拒还迎：政治与法律关系的社会系统论分析

由于政治体制改革相对干经济体制改革的滞后性,政治在要求法律对私法关系进行整合的同时,却面临法律对具有政治意义的公法关系普遍化实施的合法性要求。政治系统一方面想利用法律来为自身赋予合法性以及对政治自身解决不了的社会冲突进行整合,另一方面又不愿意让法律独立运作以正常发挥功能。政治之所以对于法律有这种欲拒还迎的分裂与两难态度,原因在于法律系统的结构二重性：使动性与制约性。对于政治系统来说,法律结构扩展了权力的普遍有效性,而权力如要实现这一点又必须受法律结构的制约。为避免法律对政治权力的“合法／非法”二元规则化,政治系统设定政治禁忌,要求法律不得违反,但法律系统的二元规则化对于政治系统来说是难以任意伸缩的。     

从强调环境执法到提倡环境治理：环境监管模式的转变

2014年4月24日,全国人大常委会修订通过了《中华人民共和国环境保护法》（以下简称为《新法》）;对1989年通过的《中华人民共和国环境保护法》（以下简称为《旧法》）进行了系统的修订,涉及基本原则、监管模式、根本制度、法律责任等诸多方面,改动较大。环境监管模式主要由环境基本法所确立,因此伴随着《新法》的出台,环境监管模式也相应地发生了转变：从《旧法》强调环境执法到《新法》提倡环境治理。     

德国人工智能创造物的知识产权法保护及其启示

人工智能时代的到来,有关其创造物的知识产权法保护问题给现有的法律理念与规则带来了巨大挑战。因而比较法视阈欧盟背景下的德国经验或许有一定参考意义;即先通过评介欧盟层面与人工智能相关的法政策与伦理准则,再从德国层面整理其创造物知识产权法保护上的实务经验与理论讨论。进而从中获得对我国的启示:一方面,呼吁今后在我国人工智能创造物知识产权法保护的外部,进一步细化相关的法政策,并着手制定相适应的伦理准则;另一方面,在其内部,基于当前现行法修改实际,分别从专利法、著作权法二个主要维度提出具体的完善建议。并强调内外规制体系间的协调配合,以期塑造既具体可行又灵活完整的我国人工智能创造物的知识产权法保护体系。     

湖南法治政府建设实践的经验启示

2008年以来，湖南省出台了一系列政策法规文件，构筑形成了全面建设法治政府“一纲要一规划两规定六办法”的政策法规格局，并在具体实践中真抓实干、敢为人先，取得显著实效，引起全国上下广泛关注，形成中国法治政府建设所谓的“湖南模式”。“法治湖南”实践正在以其独特的内容和魅力促动着中国法治政府建设全面起航。通过探讨促动“法治湖南”建设实践动因，详细分析限权和服务为轴的湖南法治政府建设实践：一方面通过程序规控行政权力，达致“正确地做事”之目的，另一方面通过规定政府服务内容，追求“做正确的事”之目标。在此基础上，解析了湖南法治政府建设实践的经验启示。     

刍论民间法对法律方法的可能贡献

民间法与国家法的张力由来已久,其紧张关系体现并爆发于法官的办案过程中。作为认识论的民间法依赖并附着于法律方法而生,又为法律方法之鲜活提供养分;而作为方法论的民间法则与法律方法同为方法论,在法学研究方法的博弈中,构成对立统一和互补关系。本文试图从民间法作为国家法之外实存并运行于中国当下社会的规范或秩序的认识出发,探讨民间法与法律方法间的辩证关系,为在司法过程中实现民间法与国家法的有效融合和互动,实现法治原则下和谐社会的宏伟目标,提出有关民间法对司法过程中法律方法的可能性贡献的些许思考。     

法律人思维中的规范隐退

在法学出现了各种流派以后,有一个重要现象值得法治论者去研究。这就是除了教义学属性的法律解释学以及分析实证主义法学以外,多数法学流派的主要观点都是对现行法律规范的效力进行程度不同的消解、修正、甚至废止。这一方面丰富了法学研究的内容,使人们更全面地理解法律,但另一方面也从不同的角度挑战了法律甚至法治的权威。对此,法治论者必须正视。在很多法学流派中,由于带有教义学属性的法律解释学的基本观点被批判,尤其是后现代法学对法治基本原则的解构,使我们感觉到,法律人的思维(包括法学研究)中出现了规范的失落或者说法律的隐退。本文分析了在法律决断论和主体选择论的矛盾下,法律规范的尴尬地位、规范隐退的表现、原因以及拯救的姿态与理路,所蕴涵的问题意识在于批判能动司法的理论基础。     

The Limitations of a Multilingual Legal System

The Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) and the way in which it works can be seen as a microcosm of how a multilingual, multicultural supranationalisation process and legal order can be constructed—the Court is a microcosm of the EU as a whole and in particular of EU law. The multilingual jurisprudence produced by the CJEU is necessarily shaped by the dynamics within that institution and by the ‘cultural compromises’ at play in the production process. The resultant texts, which make up that jurisprudence, are hybrid in nature and inherently approximate. On the one hand, that approximation can lead to discrepancies between language versions of the Court’s case law and thus jeopardise the uniform application of EU law. On the other hand, that approximation and hybridity define EU law as a distinct, supranational legal order. This paper analyses the operation of the CJEU and considers whether a linguistic cultural compromise exists within that institution which exercises a formative influence on the character of its ‘output’—i.e. its jurisprudence—and what that may mean for our understanding of the development of EU law.