通向人性的复兴与和谐之路——民法与经济法本质的另一种解读

人性是人基于生存与发展的天然的心理倾向。群体、组织、国家与法律是人性演化、冲突与调适的必然产物。在国家体制下,人性受到保护的同时也受到抑制。民法以排斥国家权力的方法,在国家体制下开辟了人性解放的新天地;经济法则是在国家体制下民法第一次解放人性的基础上,为克服民法于人性解放方面的某些不足而构建起来的规则体系,是国家体制下人性的第二次解放与和谐调适。因此,尊重民法与经济法是明智政府达成和谐社会的重要保障。     

论法治国家

法与国家关系一元论既可能有利法治 ,也可能导致法治根本就无法建立。法与国家二元论下的国家优先论 ,可能使法成为国家的附庸而否定法本身。它在使法失去了自身的独立性和对国家的约束力的同时 ,也使法治失去了基本的立足点。在法与国家的产生上 ,二者在互动渐变中发展形成 ,没有先后之分 ;在法与国家的并存中 ,二者有着地位的差异。基于法与国家本身的特性 ,基于保障人民权利的价值期求 ,基于实现法治国家的理想目标 ,法律应当优先于国家。就法治国家来说 ,我们要建设的是实质意义上的法治国家 ,而非形式意义上的法治国家。我们不能将法治国家与法治相等同 ,更不能将二者对立起来 ,相反 ,我们应当把法治的内容纳入法治国家的含义之中。法治国家与人治国家、专制国家、警察国家等非法治国家相对立 ,与宪政国家相联系。西方法治发展已经经历了漫长的历史过程 ,中国关于法治国家口号的提出也有百年的历史 ,现在重提并郑重确认它为我国社会发展的目标 ,必然具有重大的意义。我国法治将经由法治国家进而向法治社会的纵深发展。     

我国宪法的制定、修改与社会法治化转型

中国向法治社会的转型是通过社会内部自身变革的方式在政府主导之下得以实现的。转型的轨迹可以描述为:思想解放运动使全党全国人民在新的时代条件下重新认识了马克思主义,在彻底否定和不断排除影响中国发展的“左倾”、“右倾”思想和观念的同时,人们的现代文明思想与理念也得到了全面提升并不断加深修养;在正确认识社会基本矛盾和主要矛盾的同时,开始了改革开放将马克思主义与我国社会主义具体实践相结合的发展探索道路。民主法制的重建和不断完善,经济体制和政治体制改革不断深入在实现了市场经济制度的前提下,最终实现了社会向法治化的转型。     

经济法的观念基础与规则构成——对“需要国家干预论”的反思与拓展

作为经济法的重要学说之一的“需要国家干预论”,因其影响大,而争论和分歧也多,分歧的焦点在于对“谁之‘需要’”与“‘干预’什么”存在不同理解。对此问题,按整体主义理解,国家干预是社会基于整体经济发展的“需要”,这意味着“需要”的主体是社会,干预的内容是具有全局性和社会公共性经济关系。正因“需要”的主体是社会,就防止了国家干预的恣意性,同时,社会整体利益因有国家代表而得以保障,从而彰显了经济法的社会本位属性。另外,社会的“需要”决定了经济法的目的,目的作为指针指出了经济主体的行为准则,同时,整体构造的复杂性预示了经济法技术规范的复杂性与多样性。     

Tocqueville's Question. The Role of a Constitution in the Process of Integration

Starting from the contemporary processes of “fragmentation of societies” (pluralization of individual lifestyles, the increasing ethnic‐cultural diversity, de‐solidarity, the melting away of political loyalties) and of “dissolution of the nation” (the erosion of the monopoly of the state, economic globalization), the author examines Tocqueville's question about what holds society together. This problem of integration is analysed in the perspective of social and legal sciences. Accordingly, the author stresses that solutions to such a problem should come from a constitutional theory which is open to debates and answers developing in other disciplines, thus obtaining relevant information concerning the role of law and of constitution for integration. 1 Abstract by Antonino Rotolo.
     

现代刑法中报复主义残迹的清算

以“恶”为主线的传统刑法在相当程度上具有报复色彩,报复主义起源于人性复仇本能,受到人类社会的相互性原则限制后,流变为罪刑均衡的报应论。但个人的复仇本能常被国家利用,国家权威本能更易增加新的复仇性,进而把罪犯视为社会的敌人。报复主义在解决犯罪的同时又酝酿着新的犯罪,现代刑法要特别警惕报复主义借国家权威主义哲学观发作。     

国际法的“有效性”新解

国际法的"有效性"是指国际法在多大程度上能够塑造或影响国际法主体的行为,以及国际法得到遵守或尊重的程度。它是国际法学中的一个基本问题,也是国际法虚无主义者指责国际法不是"法"以及国际法的支持者证明国际法是"法"的焦点所在。在国际法学的发展史上,许多学者沿着不同的研究路径对此问题做出了各种各样的论证。而来自国际关系理论中的国际机制学派对国际机制的有效性问题的论证,包括理性主义和反思主义两种研究路径,为国际法的有效性问题的研究深入提供了有益启示。     

The Indeterminacy of an Emergency: Challenges to Criminal Jurisdiction in Constitutional Democracy

In this contribution I address the type of emergency that threatens a state’s monopoly of violence, meaning that the state’s competence to provide citizens with elementary security is challenged. The question is, whether actions taken by the state to ward off these threats (should) fall within the ambit of the criminal law. A central problem is the indeterminacy that is inherent in the state of emergency, implicating that adequate measures as well as constitutional constraints to be imposed on such measures cannot easily be determined in advance. This indeterminacy raises two interrelated issues. Firstly, the issue of whether it makes sense to speak of criminal jurisdiction when the existing jurisdiction is challenged as such. To what extent does the indeterminacy call for inherently unlimited powers of the state, implying there can be no such thing as criminal jurisdiction during a state of emergency? Second—if criminal jurisdiction is not in contradiction with the state of emergency—the issue of what criminal liability could mean in such a state needs to be confronted. To what extent does the indeterminacy inherent in the state of emergency jeopardise criminal liability because such indeterminacy engenders severe legal uncertainty regarding the standards against which the relevant actions are to be judged? Both issues will be discussed from the perspective of constitutional democracy, assuming that what is at stake in times of emergency is both the competence to sustain the monopoly of violence and the possibility to constrain the powers of the state.     

Natural Liberation in the <Emphasis Type="Italic">Sāṃkhyakārikā</Emphasis> and Its Commentaries

The subject of this article is the concept of natural liberation in classical Sā?khya. On the basis of the Sā?khyakārikā by ī?varak???a and its traditional commentaries, I will attempt to demonstrate that liberation from suffering in Sā?khya is not the result of rational inquiry—the prevailing view among contemporary scholars. The Sā?khya does not necessarily prescribe yogic practice as argued by other scholars. Instead, I will defend a position expressed by K.C. Bhattacharyya and Frank R. Podgorski, according to which liberation in classical Sā?khya is a natural and spontaneous process of suffering transforming into its own cure. I will argue that although traditional authorities may disagree over the form the liberating process takes on the phenomenal level (as yogic practice, instruction from a teacher, etc.), there is a general agreement that the natural forces are the primary drives and agents of liberation.     

从托克维尔到哈贝马斯:探寻法治的社会基础

市民社会是法治国家的基础已成为常识。尽管学界对市民社会理论展开过广泛的讨论和研究,但对市民社会究竟是一个什么样的社会这一问题并没有作出很好的回答。本文试图通过对托克维尔和哈贝马斯两位经典作家的解读找出市民社会的基本特征,它们表现在三个方面,即市民社会是一个多元的社会,是一个具有强大“自治”的社会,是一种“商谈”的社会。     

论动物福利概念的内涵——动物客体论语境下的分析

动物福利概念基于不同的理论立场而具有不同的内涵。在动物客体论的语境下,界定动物福利概念的内涵时,应该采纳“人道立场的动物福利”的观点。据此,动物福利概念的含义可以表述为：基于人道关怀,（主要是被人类利用）的动物可以满足基本需要的康乐状态。动物权利论者和动物解放论者阐释的动物福利概念既存在理论上的根本缺陷,也不能合理解释现实状况,故不足取。     

The European Nation State. Its Achievements and Its Limitations. On the Past and Future of Sovereignty and Citizenship

Abstract. The "global success" of nation states is currently brought into play by the new requirements of multicultural differentiation and globalization. After commenting on the common concepts of "state" and "nation" and discussing the formation of nation states, the author explains the particular achievement of the national state and the tension between republicanism and nationalism built into it. The challenges that arise from the multicultural differentiation of civil society and from trends towards globalization throw light on the limitations of this historical type.     

中国社会的转型与《刑事诉讼法》的修改

当今中国各个领域的重大转型都根源于国家与社会的二元化和由此所导致的国家、社会与个人关系的转型,即从"国家、社会/个人"模式转向"国家/社会、个人"模式,其实质是从国家本位主义转向社会本位主义和人本主义。中国社会的这一转型导致了刑事诉讼本质观、目的观、价值观、构造观和刑事证明理论的变迁,而这些观念和理论的变迁又反映在《刑事诉讼法》的修改中。     

Law,the State,and the Dialectics of State Crime

Drawing on material from a study of civil society and state crime in six countries, this article reflects on two themes from Chambliss’s work: the debate between state-centred and more pluralistic views of law, and the “dialectical” approach to the analysis of state crime. It argues for a more pluralistic approach to law than Chambliss and Seidman adopted in Law Order and Power, along with a broader approach to the definition of state crime as a form of deviant behaviour. Case studies from the civil society research illustrate how the strategies adopted by organizations challenging state practices can be understood in terms of an interplay between different forms of law. With some qualifications, we support Chambliss’s dialectical approach, and attempt to clarify just what the term “dialectical” means. Finally we bring together the two strands of the argument to propose an approach to state crime founded on “dialectical legal pluralism”.     

论社会法的价值及其取向

社会法的存在具有什么样的价值,答案首先可以追考于"价值"之源,从中悟出"法的价值"不等同于"法的价值取向"的道理,以及社会法的价值是社会体制的运行效率的初步论断;其次,追考于社会法的价值取向与社会体制的运行效率科学化的关系,从中得出结论:解决社会问题是社会法的阶段价值取向,构建和谐社会是社会法的目标价值取向。     

Whistleblowers, the Public Interest, and the Public Interest Disclosure Act 1998

Corporate crime and organisational deviance raise complex legal issues. An initial problem lies simply in identifying when such wrongdoing has occurred. Here, whistleblowers can perform a valuable service. However, publicized cases suggest that they often pay dearly for their candour, encountering unfair sanctions at work. In Britain, the Public Interest Disclosure Act 1998 seeks to protect "good-faith" whistleblowers from employer reprisals. In the wake of this legislation, the authors examine whistleblowing from a socio-legal perspective, asking what motivates whistleblowers, how do institutions respond to them, can legislation adequately protect them, and what effects will PIDA have on whistleblowing, employment practices, the culture of the workplace and, ultimately, society.     

What Is Transnational Law?

Is it important to conceptualize transnational law and “map” it as a new legal field? This article suggests that to do so might help both juristic practice and sociolegal scholarship in organizing, linking, and comparing disparate but increasingly significant types of regulation. To explore the idea of transnational law is to raise basic questions about the nature of both “law” and “society” (taken as the realm law regulates). This involves radically rethinking relationships between the public and the private, between law and state, and between different sources of law and legal authority. Taking as its focus Von Daniels's The Concept of Law from a Transnational Perspective and Calliess and Zumbansen's Rough Consensus and Running Code (both 2010), the article considers what approaches may be most productive, and what key issues need to be addressed, to make sense of broad trends in law's extension beyond the boundaries of nation‐states.     

国家与社会——政府职能转变的一个视角

处理好国家与社会的关系是当前我国进行行政改革的一个重要课题.本文探讨了经典作家对国家与社会的论述,阐述了国家与社会关系的发展线索.在此基础上,作者提出了在市场经济经济条件下重塑国家与社会关系的几点措施.     

Legal pragmatism and the pre-birth continuum: an absence of unifying principle

The common law has historically been clear - the rights of the unborn do not exist prior to birth. A child becomes a legal person and able to enforce legal rights upon being born alive and having a separate existence from her or his mother. This article assesses whether new developments in biomedical technologies have left this legal principle inviolate and explores what the state of law is in relation to pre-birth. It argues that there is a pre-birth continuum where the law punctuates points in a lineal timeline fashion as to when a pre-birth "non-entity" becomes a legal entity. The article concludes that there is no singular rule of law with respect to being or becoming a human but rather a collection of discrete and increasingly divergent legal categories. This recognition of a pre-birth continuum or timeline as to the legal recognition of this "non-entity" has significant ramifications for the future development of law and impacts on legal thinking about what it means to be human.     

利益不是权利——从我国《宪法》第51条说起

利益不是权利而只是权利的要素之一,他人可能维护你的利益,但不能代替你享有权利。我国《宪法》第51条关于“利益”与“权利”的区分对宪法理论和宪政实践都有着极为重要的意义。公民权利不可能与国家的、社会的、集体的“权利”而只可能与其“利益”发生冲突,权利只存在于平行主体之间（如国家与国家之间、集体与集体之间、集体与集体外的个人之间、个人与个人之间）或非平行关系中的“弱势”一方（如国家与集体关系中的集体、集体与个人关系中的个人、国家与个人关系中的个人）。公民权利也并非都会对国家的、社会的、集体的“利益”构成威胁,有些权利不可能损害其利益,如信仰、思想、良心自由;与其利益冲突的主要是个人权利中具有明显利益成分的权利,如财产权、社会保障权等;国家的、社会的、集体的利益一般不能成为剥夺人身权（如生命权、健康权）的理由。国家的、社会的、集体的利益亦有别于“公共利益”。