论中国传统司法的特质及其功能困厄

受制于其赖以存在和运行的特定社会背景和政治文化,中国传统司法被赋予了行政性、调和性及伦理性等典型特质。正是这些特质,决定了中国传统司法之定纷止争、道德教化与社会控制等独特功能及其实现困厄。对此作反思性审视,或对当下司法改革有所裨益。     

Dissenting Opinion of Justice of the Constitutional Court of Ukraine A.O. Didkivs'kyi Regarding the Decision of the Constitutional Court of Ukraine No. 34-rp of December 22, 2009 (Case of the Appointment of Judges to Administrative Positions)

The heads of the financial services of the Ministry of Internal Affairs (MVD) system discuss the core financial results of the reform of the Ministry: exclusive federal funding of Russian police, new wages structure, and program-oriented budgeting.     

Decision of the Constitutional Court of Ukraine No. 34-rp of December 22, 2009 (Case of the Appointment of Judges to Administrative Positions)

MVD Minister Vladimir Kolokoltsev reports on the progress of police reform.     

高校司法鉴定机构应对市场化的初探

随着司法鉴定制度改革的逐步推进,新的司法鉴定机构如雨后春笋般纷纷设立,司法鉴定机构也必将被我国特有的市场经济所覆盖,司法鉴定机构市场化在所难免。高校司法鉴定机构是否能够不被这股强劲的司法鉴定制度改革浪潮所淹没,甚至脱颖而出,取决于高校司法鉴定机构能否在其市场化的过程中整合特有资源,顺应市场,克服难点,发挥优势。     

调解的重构(上)——以法院调解的改革为重点

调解作为中国自古就存在的一种纠纷解决方式 ,甚至是社会治理的一种制度性或体制性存在 ,在现代仍然有着极为重要的意义。本文采取一种综合各种功能的多元价值论 ,主张客观地认识调解的各种功能和价值。同时 ,力图通过对于以法院调解改革为重点获取的实证资料的分析 ,提出一种有关我国调解的功能和价值的建设性的意见或理论框架 ,实现一种对于调解的重构 ,以使其获得现代转型和重生。     

Decision of the Constitutional Court of Ukraine No. 13-rp of May 11, 2010 (Case of the 2009 State Budget and the National Bank)

Only dreamers could think that the reform of the MVD would be really serious.     

论政府职能转变的目标及其制度支撑

我国改革开放既以政府职能转变为其重要的变革内容,又以行政体制改革为实现市场经济建设目标的重要途径和手段,而从计划经济到市场经济的转轨,又为政府职能的全面转型提供了重要的社会经济基础。在转型过程中,要求政府肩负起诸多角色。政府职能转变的目标,在于建立和完善宏观调控机制,致力于建立和发展现代民主,培育市民(公民)社会。要完成这种职能转变和变革,必须建立法律规范体系和秩序政治规则,确立真正的法律权威和政府规制的正当性,达成普遍的政治共识。《行政许可法》和《实施纲要》的颁布与施行,为转变政府职能确立了崇高的目标。建设和谐社会、政府职能转变,一切均应依法推进,建立和完善相应的法规范或曰“游戏”规则。政府职能的转变,要求以法规范的形式加以明确,以具体的权力和职责的性质加以确认,以具体的岗位责任制加以保障,以市场主体乃至各个领域、各个层次的利益表达和利益实现作为监督制约。参与型行政是增强转变政府职能的可接受性、建设和谐社会的保障。     

我国政府职能转变的路径分析

行政管理与经济社会的发展要求相适应是我国行政管理体制改革的基本目标和任务。政府职能转变是深化行政管理体制改革的核心。转变政府职能,应当依循法治化的途径,具体包括:法律法规的制定要贯彻政府职能转变的思想和理念,落实"三优先原则";推行行政执法责任制,全面梳理政府权力;清理现行法律、法规和规章,对不符合标准和经济社会发展要求的政府权力进行调整;深化行政审批制度改革。     

Dissenting Opinion of Justice of the Constitutional Court of Ukraine M.A. Markush Regarding the Decision of the Constitutional Court of Ukraine No. 8-rp of March 11, 2010 (Case of Cassation Review Procedure)

The large-scale reform of the MVD associated with the creation of the new institution of the police is proceeding in accordance with the special law "On the Police."     

Law of the Russian Federation "On Countering Extremist Activity" (as amended by Federal Laws No. 148-FZ of July 27, 2006; No. 153-FZ of July 27, 2006; No. 71-FZ of May 10, 2007; and No. 211-FZ of July 24, 2007)

The head of the Ministry of Internal Affairs (MVD) Chief Directorate of Internal Security names the sore points in relations between society and the police.

The personnel purges that took place in the MVD system in 2011 rid the police of "ballast" and united the ranks of honest policemen-head of the MVD Chief Directorate of Internal Security Iurii Draguntsov declared on Monday. In his opinion, the ministry succeeded in conducting an effective purge and in "infusing new blood." However, a representative of the independent [militia] trade unions is not in full agreement with this.     

PUBLIC OPINION AND THE FOUNDATION OF THE JUVENILE COURT*

Over 100 years ago, juvenile courts emerged out of the belief that juveniles are different from adults—less culpable and more rehabilitatable—and can be "saved" from a life of crime and disadvantage. Today, the juvenile justice system is under attack through increasing calls to eliminate it and enactment of statutes designed to place younger offenders in the adult justice system. However, little evidence exists that policy makers have taken the full range of public views into account. At the same time, scholarly accounts of calls to eliminate the juvenile justice system have neglected the role of public opinion. The current study addresses this situation by examining public views about 1) abolishing juvenile justice and 2) the proper upper age of original juvenile court jurisdiction. Particular attention is given to the notion that child‐saving and "get tough" orientations influence public views about juvenile justice. The analyses suggest support for the lingering appeal of juvenile justice among the public and the idea that youth can be “saved,” as well as arguments about the politicization and criminalization of juvenile justice. They also highlight that the public, like states, holds variable views about the appropriate age of juvenile court jurisdiction. We discuss the implications of the study and avenues for future research. Why is it not just and proper to treat these juvenile offenders, as we deal with the neglected children, as a wise and merciful father handles his own child whose errors are not discovered by the authorities? Why is it not the duty of the state, instead of asking merely whether a boy or a girl has committed a specific offense, to find out what he is, physically, mentally, morally, and then if it learns that he is treading the path that leads to criminality, to take him in charge, not so much to punish as to reform, not to degrade but to uplift, not to crush but to develop, to make him not a criminal but a worthy citizen.     

我国政府经济管理职能转变问题研究

针对当前我国政府经济管理职能的范围仍过宽过大、各级政府履行经济管理职能的随意性较大、趋利化动机严重等问题,当务之急是破除阻滞我国政府经济管理职能转变的体制障碍,加快生产要素价格机制、财政税收体制、投资体制机制和金融体制等改革进程。进一步转变我国政府经济管理职能的关键在于：大力推进政府经济管理职能的制度创新,不断健全和完善政府宏观经济管理职能,持续增强政府微观经济监管及服务职能,加快政府对外经济管理职能的创新步伐。     

They Are Giving the Police Three Years

Russia's human rights ombudsman Vladimir Lukin and MVD representatives discuss foreign experience in police reform and new proposals to improve police work in Russia.     

Dissenting Opinion of Justice of the Constitutional Court of Ukraine V. M. Kampo Regarding the Decision of the Constitutional Court of Ukraine No. 14-rp of June 10, 2009 (Case of Canceling Preterm Elections in Ternopil' Oblast)

There is no question that the 2004 constitutional reform was not completed. Even the method of conducting it created a regime of semilegitimacy in the country. Obviously, the reform should have been continued, expanding the powers of local self-government and reducing the functions of the local state administrations. But this did not happen, primarily because the initiators of the constitutional reform, no matter who it was—Yushchenko, Tymoshenko, or the Party of Regions—were trying to carry out the reform not in order to increase the effectiveness of the governance mechanism, but to obtain the maximum preferences of power for their own dear selves.     

试论行政组织法治下的行政体制改革

目前,我国仍然面临制度短缺和法制不健全的问题,现实的法律与政府的自身改革经常会出现一定程度的张力。行政体制改革作为整个改革的重要组成部分,需要借助宪政和法治的精神、原则,以法律的方式进行制度重塑,明晰行政改革权的相关问题,实现行政编制的政策调整转向法律调整,明确政府职能的目标与定位,健全政府组织法体系,加快行政程序制度建设,重新调整和配置行政权力,使其合乎法治化的要求,破解行政体制改革过程中遇到的深层次体制性障碍,防止行政体制改革失范与无序。     

Insight into stress-induced cardiomyopathy and sudden cardiac death due to stress. A forensic cardio-pathologist point of view

Emotional, physiological and physical stress is associated with increased rates of cerebrovascular events and sudden deaths. The pathophysiology of stress-induced cardiomyopathy is not well understood. Proposed mechanisms for catecholamine-mediated stunning in stress cardiomyopathy include epicardial vasospasm, microvascular dysfunction, hyperdynamic contractility with midventricular or outflow tract obstruction, and direct effects of catecholamines on cardiomyocytes. Studies show evidence of significant heritable influences on individual responses to adrenergic stimulation. Data from such studies may be of help for a more accurate comprehension of clinical and morphological alterations of the heart. Irrespective of the cause, patients with the classic stress-induced cardiomyopathy morphology deserve special attention because this extensive distribution of wall motion abnormalities has implications for potential associated complications. Cardiac response may be significantly coupled to genetic differences at candidate loci that encode components of catecholamine biosynthesis, storage, and metabolic pathway. Given the role of the sympathetic nervous system in responses to acute stress, it is reasonable to explore whether genetically determined alterations in catecholamine system functions contribute to acute and chronic cardiovascular disorders such as stress-induced cardiomyopathy.     

我国检察权的反思与重构——以公诉权为核心的分析

检察机关的基本职能是公诉 ,检察权在本质上主要表现为公诉权 ,以公诉权为基本内容的检察权在本质属性和终极意义上应属于行政权。检察机关在刑事诉讼中的各项权力都是具体的诉讼程序性权力 ,与所谓的法律监督机关、法律监督权并不存在必然的关联性。应该按照检察机关就是公诉机关的思路去改革司法制度 ,建立以公诉机关为核心、主导的审判前程序 ,同时改革现行的逮捕和其他侦查措施的审查批准制度。     

中国近代司法改革:从四级三审制到三级三审

审级制度是一国司法制度的重要组成部分。它的设置科学、合理与否,直接关系到司法基本价值目标的实现。中国近代审级制度,从整体上讲,经历了从四级三审制到三级三审制的变革。尽管在观念和形式上,三级三审制更加进步和适合当时之国情,但是,由于政治、经济、人才等各种因素的制约,两种审级制度均未能发挥其预设的理想功能。     

Vladimir Shapoval: "The CEC Is Destined to Be the Scapegoat"

"The law is harsh, but it is the law"—the well-known ancient Roman saying is entirely suitable as a brief synopsis of the Lb.ua interview with the chairman of the Central Election Commission (CEC), Vladimir Shapoval.

"Any electoral legislation, I emphasize, any, will always be 95 percent the product of political expediency. Always. This way gives them an advantage—so be it." This is how he calmly parried my emotional "How can the advantage of the strong be codified in the law (!), and the weak essentially have no chance? What can you do, how can it be?" "All this ‘whining and crying,’ say, the law is this and that in substance, I do not accept it. The laws were adopted—so we will follow them. You cannot get away from it," he added.

It might seem to someone who does not know Vladimir Nikolaevich that the chief vote-counting official is being clever, "covering up" the "distortions" of the authorities "at the local level." He is in fact speaking frankly. The chairman of the Central Election Commission formed on the eve of the 2007 preterm parliamentary elections by a "coalition"—a retired Constitutional Court of Ukraine (CCU) justice, and a doctor of legal sciences who is an active member of the High Council of Justice (HCJ), he can permit himself that. Shapoval contrives to call things by their names: "How the law is written is another matter. And its parts are written abominably," he states bluntly.

In view of this, my discussion with Shapoval—formally tied to the start of a local elections campaign—went far beyond the bounds of a discussion of the legislation on this topic, and even the specifics of the campaign. The more so as I had already discussed this in detail with CEC Deputy Chairman Andrei Magera. Vladimir Nikolaevich, without concealing his indignation, related just what the HCJ is really afraid of (and it turned out it was not at all, or more precisely not only, what they are portraying it to be). Relying on nine years of experience as a CCU justice, he elucidated the risks of the invalidation of the 2004 constitutional reform by the current Constitutional Court—"only those who have face can lose it." Sketching out the situation in the body politic, he summed up, "If the Party of Regions (PoR) does not win the local elections, many questions will arise."     

专业审判委员会组织结构完善研究

《人民法院组织法》增设专业委员会这一新的审判委员会组织形式,是对多年来法院改革成果的立法确认。与传统审委会相比,专业委员会的组织目标更加明确,组织结构更加合理,组织边界更加清晰,对于发挥审委会职能作用、提高法院裁判专业化水平具有更加积极的意义。但由于立法较为概括,实践中该制度在设置条件、运行规则、配套机制等方面仍存在欠缺,可能虚化其应有功能。应当围绕司法体制综合配套改革和审判委员会改革的总体要求,进一步明确专业审判委员会的组织特征,规范其运行规则,完善其配套机制,使之真正成为中国特色社会主义司法制度的先进成果。