Judicial Review, Administrative Review, and Constitutional Review in the Weimar Republic

Abstract.   Judicial review ( richterliches Prüfungsrecht ), administrative review ( Verwaltungsgerichtbarkeit ), and constitutional review ( Verfassungsgerichtsbarkeit ) are three different ways in which the judiciary has sought to control the executive and legislative powers of the state. Historically and functionally they are closely linked. I intend to discuss them in their German context, focussing, in particular, on the Weimar Republic, that is to say, on the period between 1919 and 1932. Although I shall not be addressing the highly interesting parallels with the U.S. Supreme Court, or with the comparable courts in Italy, France, and, especially, Austria, I should like to invite attention to them, for there is really no Sonderweg in Germany as far as these developments are concerned.     

消极的司法积极主义——意大利违宪审查制度之介评

意大利是一个充满政治斗争、新的社会问题不断涌现的国家,其违宪审查制度独具特色、值得借鉴。意大利宪法法院充当着宪法和人民权利守护神的角色。在审查态度上,意大利违宪审查制度采取消极的积极主义。由于违宪审查请求只能由个案审理中的普通法院法官提起,于是,普通法院充当了违宪审查的"过滤"机制而有效避免了滥诉,消弭了当事人的一时情感冲动,缓和了立法机关和宪法法院之间的对抗。而且,意大利宪法法院还极力避免做出违宪审查的判断,通过合宪性解释或暂时违宪判决等措施,避免直接对抗立法机关,而是由立法机关自己主动改正有违宪瑕疵的立法。     

宪法修正案的合宪性审查:以印度为中心

为推介中国人民大学法学院博士培养成果,搭建论文品评乃至学术评价之平台,《法学家》自本期起专辟"博文精萃"一栏。该栏目由两部分组成:其一是"论文要旨",由博文作者对其博文进行全面系统而重点突出的介绍,一般宜包括如下要素:博文的体系架构;博文每章节的主要内容;博文的主要特点;博文的主要创新和不足;博文所研究领域的课题展望。其二是"论文评议",可以是答辩委员会的论文审查意见,或者评审专家的点评,具体宜包括如下要素:对论文的总体评价;对论文的体系及各章节的评价;对论文创新的评价;指出论文的不足以及进一步完善的方向。敬请关注并提出宝贵建议。     

Supervision of the Execution of Decisions of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation

In the middle of 2000, efforts to bring the legislation of subjects of the Federation into correspondence with federal norms were greatly intensified in our state. A pressing problem in this connection is the timely implementation of decisions of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation (RF).     

Forms of Judicial Review as Expressions of Constitutional Patriotism

Law and Philosophy -     

论我国行政诉讼制度的宪政价值

宪政的精义在于控制国家权力、保障公民权利。我国行政诉讼法的颁布和实施实现了宪法控制权力、保障权利的目的 ,行政诉讼制度的逐步完善将进一步实现上述宗旨 ,因此它十分切合宪政主义精神。如果说西方国家控制行政是其宪政体制的必然结果的话 ,那么在中国渐进式改革的政治背景下 ,从控制行政走向宪政也许构成了我国宪政发展的必由之路。     

Characteristic of mortality in the Russian Federation

The objective of the present work was to estimate the overall mortality in the Russian Federation and to elucidate the structure and characteristics of violent and non-violent mortality in this country. The study is largely based on the materials of reports on the activities of local bureaus of forensic medical expertise for the period from 2003 to 2008; in addition, the data from the official demographic and statistical yearbooks issued by the Russian State Statistical Committee (Goskomstat) in 2008-2009 were used. It is shown that cardiovascular pathology appears to be currently the leading cause of general mortality in the Russian Federation. A substantial fraction in the structure of general mortality is constituted by mechanical injuries most of which are inflicted in car accidents. More than half of the fatal cases caused by external factors and around one third of the deaths from cardiovascular diseases are associated with alcohol intoxication. Statistical treatment of the results of analysis conducted in the present study provided materials for the development of recommendations designed to improve the demographic situation in the Russian Federation.     

Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation,Ruling of February 8, 2001, No. 15-O

In Nal' chik they are estimating the losses caused at residences during an attack by fighters and are replacing glass in the buildings in the Iskozh neighborhood, located near the third city division of internal affairs, where the fighters held hostages for more than a day.     

Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation,Determination of October 3, 2002, No. 233-O

A group of members of the Public Chamber adopted a petition addressed to the parliament. It contains a proposal to improve the legislation in the sphere of countering extremist activity.     

Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation,Decree of July 17, 2002, No. 13-P

Arbitrazh defended the supervisors against the journalists     

Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation,Ruling of May 15, 2001, No. 134-O

An article in Rossiiskaia gazeta became the reason for initiation of a criminal case against Ruslan Nakhushev, a lawyer and religious figure well known in Nal'chik. But many lawyers think that the future of the case is transparent, due to the flaws in domestic legislation.     

关于司法改革的宪法思考

在司法改革中,各级司法机关各自为阵,推出了一系列司法改革举措,出现了司法改革中主体越位、内容违完、违法的问题。这种违宪、违法的改革,破坏了宪政的价值基础,损害了宪法的至上权威,使宪法成为纸上的宪法。司法机关推出改革措施应有一定的限度,应在现行的宪法框架内推进司法改革。     

国外宪法权利的司法实施研究——兼论行政诉讼在宪法实施中的作用

宪法案例是西方宪政国家宪法实施的标志,探讨行政诉讼在宪法案例中的作用,有助于借鉴国外宪法实施的经验:在诉讼中行政法问题演变为宪法问题,宪法是处理权利争议的最高标准,权利是宪法司法实施的动力,社会转型为宪法的司法实施带来了机遇.