An Important Stage in the Development of Soviet Civil Law

In December of 1961 the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, in its Seventh Session, approved the Principles of Civil Legislation of the USSR and the Union Republics. New civil codes had to be enacted in the union republics in accordance with the Principles. The latter will also serve as the basis for developing and bringing up to date civil legislation within the jurisdiction of the USSR.     

The New Codification of Civil Law and Protection of the Honor and Dignity of the Citizen

With the issuance of the Principles of Civil Legislation of the USSR and the Union Republics, the first, but very important, stage in the new codification of Soviet civil legislation to correspond with the needs of the period of the comprehensive building of communism has been realized. What must now follow is the adoption of civil codes by the union republics, in which the general, fundamental and primary propositions of the Principles will be appropriately concretized and detailed, developed and augmented.     

Review of Decisions Through Judicial Supervision

Soviet legislation has established numerous guarantees designed to assure that courts will take only such decisions, and that only such decisions will take legal effect, as reflect the truth about the case tried. The necessary preconditions for establishing the truth in a case are already created at the stage of preparing a case for trial, which stage, under Article 33 of the Principles of Civil Procedure of the USSR and Union Republics, Article 141 of the RSFSR Code of Civil Procedure, and the corresponding articles of the codes of civil procedures of other republics, is obligatory in each case.     

Chapter 5: Forensic Psychiatric Expert Examination in Civil Proceedings. Problems of Incompetence of the Mentally Ill

Forensic psychiatric expert examination in civil proceedings is most often called upon to determine the extent of mental changes affecting the capacity of a person to understand the significance of his actions or to govern them. In connection with the coming into force of the Fundamentals of Civil Procedure of the USSR and the Union Republics on May 1, 1962, this type of expert examination has become much more frequent, inasmuch as the determination of legal competence has come under the exclusive jurisdiction of the courts.     

论民法上恶意串通行为之效力

我国民法上关于恶意串通损害第三人利益的行为无效之规定,系在前苏联民法立法和理论的影响下产生的,该规定不具体分析当事人与第三人的利益关系,也不区分行为人意思表示之真实与否,这样一项极其含糊的规定,在实践中极易被曲解和误用,其实际效果必然与立法初衷相悖,是一项不合理的规定,故在今后我国制定民法典时应予取消,对于涉及第三人利益的法律行为之效力,应当斟酌具体情况,加以规定。     

Ways of Filling Gaps in Soviet Legislation on Questions Of International Civil Procedure

Soviet civil law and civil procedure underwent a period of renovation in 1961-1965. In December of 1961 we adopted the Principles of Civil Legislation and the Principles of Civil Procedure of the USSR and the Union Republics, which served as the basis for the new codes of civil law and civil procedure in the union republics. These Principles also contain a number of norms of international private law (including norms of international civil procedure) which have been embodied without change in the new codes of civil law and civil procedure.     

民事诉讼处分原则重述

处分原则是民事诉讼中的一项基本原则。但长期以来 ,学界对处分原则一直存在着误识。这些误识源于原苏联的民事诉讼国家干预理论和传统的审判理念。对处分原则的误识导致了我们在民事诉讼中对当事人处分权行使限制的扩大化。从民事诉讼的特性和民事纠纷的性质来看 ,这些限制都是不妥当的。本文认为 ,应当重新认识处分原则 ,真正理解和贯彻处分原则。只有这样才能使我国民事诉讼体制的建构和运行符合民事诉讼的规律。     

A High Level of Interfacing: Society,Man, and Nature in the Age of Microelectronics,Information Science,and Biotechnology

Note from the editors of Voprosy filosofii: On 14-15 November 1984 the Scientific Council on the Philosophical and Social Problems of Science and Technology, under the Presidium of the USSR Academy of Sciences, jointly with the Institute of Philosophy of the USSR Academy of Sciences, will hold an All-Union Conference, "Social and Methodological Problems of Scientific and Technical Progress" (Chairman of the Organization Committee: Academician P. N. Fedoseev, Vice-President of the USSR Academy of Sciences).     

民法典编纂中的立法模式悖论--基于商法规范如何安排的视角

在民法典立法中,商事法律处于何种位置?这一问题解决的好坏将直接关系到民法典立法的成败,甚至影响中国法治进程、影响中国市场经济的发展.中国大陆民事立法模式既非民商分立也非民商合一,在民法典立法思路上坚持民商合一的模式,却选择民商分立模式下的民法典作为范本,在逻辑上存在悖论.民法典立法不是要适当增加商法规则,而是要根据商事活动的需要,实现民法与商法的体系化,这完全是因为商法规则的特殊性决定的.民法典应该具有开放性,以适应复杂多变的现实.     

市民社会的多样性与中国经济法学的选择——历史视角下中国经济法社会观的重构

西方市民社会的历史多样性决定了中国经济法学借鉴市民社会理论存在选择问题,但是,学者们却在批判西方现代市民社会的基础上直接将当代市民社会作为中国经济法的社会基础,这会导致种种弊端。在历史视角下,我们会发现中国市民社会正在形成之中,而且西方现代与当代市民社会之间存在有机的历史联系,因此,中国经济法的社会观应该是中国市民社会,即立足于中国并借鉴和整合现代与当代西方市民社会特点的市民社会。     

Intensify the Struggle against Smuggling

The Law on the USSR Procuracy specifies that the struggle against crime and ensuring that every crime will be punished are among the basic directions in the activity of the organs of the procuracy. The USSR Procuracy devotes much attention to the crime of smuggling.     

商事法律行为初论

通过对商事法律行为的专门研究,得出如下结论:商事法律行为确实存在,它既不同于民法中的民事法律行为,也不同于商法中的商行为.虽然存在着密切的牵连性,但民事法律行为和商行为本身并不当然等同于商事法律行为.可分别从民事法律行为与商行为中提炼出某些重要的商事法律行为自身具有的特质,即商事法律行为的实施者是以商人为主的商事主体;...     

荣誉权——一个巴别塔式的谬误?——“Right to Honour”的比较法考察

《民法通则》关于荣誉权的规定受1961年《苏联民事立法纲要》第7条的影响。但从作为人格权理论源头的罗马法的actio iniuriarum,到对人格利益保护持不同态度的法国法和德国法,以及深受德国法影响的前苏联法,均将honour作为人的主观自我认知。Honour强调了人在自我认知上的差异性。在当代,honour这种差异性人格利益逐渐让位于强调平等性的人格尊严(dignity)。在大陆法系法律语言环境中,honour从不是以"荣誉称号"为内容的人格利益,《民法通则》关于荣誉权的规定缺乏比较法基础。     

Ways of Improving State Guidance of Advocates

Collegia of advocates [advokaty] in the USSR are self-governing public organizations of professional lawyers, voluntarily associated, whose purpose is to provide defense services during the preliminary investigation and before the court, representation in civil cases in court and before the arbitration system, and other kinds of legal help to citizens, enterprises, institutions, and organizations. The collegia of advocates are social organizations of the independent type, occupying an important place in the system of political organization of Soviet society.     

公务员面临改革的自我心理调适

市场经济的发展要求政府转变其原有的职能,这一转变将会部分地改变政府公务员原有的工作环境、工作内容,客观环境的变化无疑会给公务员的心理带来一定的冲击与震荡。公务员在此变革中如何保持良好的心态,如何有意识地进行自我心理调适,本文将就此问题进行详尽的论述。     

环境民事公益诉讼法律适用困境及其破解

环境民事公益诉讼在司法实践中已得到大量运用,但其存在以下法律适用上的问题:第一,在对具体个案是环境民事公益诉讼还是其他私益诉讼的性质判断上,现有裁判存在显著差异。第二,在环境民事公益诉讼与类似案件的审理中,不同案件裁判者在程序选择与裁判结果上也呈现各异的走向。原因在于该诉的法律适用中存在"公共利益"等现有民事法律体系难以评价的规范性构成要件。究其根源,是该诉的独立请求权基础尚未得到明确。因此裁判者在审案时通过"借用"环境侵权之诉等类似诉讼请求权基础进行涵摄时,其法律适用过程就容易产生混同。明确环境民事公益诉讼请求权并精细该诉的法律规则,有助于环境民事公益诉讼程序的公正运行与裁判结果的日趋统一。     

基因编辑法律规制实践研究:以民事诉讼目的为视角

基因编辑因反映生物数据的特殊性被广泛应用在多个领域,由此产生的多元利益需求与安全风险呼吁制度保障。但基因决定论影响下的技术风险并未得到克服;基因编辑技术对传统的平等权和隐私规制造成冲击;并可能导致民事诉讼中职权调查范围扩大,法官自由心证受到技术为中心的鉴定结论影响,诉求的实现更加依赖公权力的参与。因此,基因编辑的法律规制在实践中并非单一面向,应当从生命的阶段性走向全方位调整;从个体信息需求走向信息安全整体性保护;从损害结果问责转向主体在全过程的行为规范;并在民事纠纷解决机制中体现多元价值导向,促进民事诉讼目的实现。     

民事法律行为概念正解--民事法律行为概念辨析之三

民事法律行为是民法中的一个非常重要的概念,其名实相符的理解应是与当事人的意志有关的,具有民事法律意义(或产生民事法律效果)的行为.对如何理解这一表述、其外延如何及与相关概念关系做了分析.     

民事行政诉讼检察监督与司法公正

中国现行的民事行政诉讼检察监督制度 ,虽然借鉴于原苏联 ,但是并不是中国所独有 ,与各国的同类制度相比 ,监督范围还嫌过窄。这项制度对于保障司法公正、树立司法权威 ,维护国家法律的统一正确实施 ,具有重要作用。在进行司法改革的今天 ,应当进一步坚持和完善这一制度 ,检察机关要依法实施监督 ,在贯彻“依法治国 ,建设社会主义法治国家”的治国方略中 ,更好地发挥法律监督职能作用。     

私法概念之再研究——兼论私法观念的革命

私法概念的界定应当从研究市民社会的理论入手,并以家庭、市民社会和政治国家这三者的关系为基础。根据法律的调整对象是否为国家统治关系,可科学地界定私法。这种界定同时也实现了私法观念的革命,产生了新的私法观。对于今日中国的民法法典化而言,这种新的私法观有助于将未来的民法典建成宏伟大厦,而不是将其弄成"三根棒棒";对于民法的理论研究而言,这种新的私法观有助于丰富现有的民法理论,使其更加充实和丰满。