Elections and the Soviets

Elections for the local Soviets now functioning were held in March 1961. The number of Soviets elected in the USSR as a whole was 49,858, of which 7 were for territories, 107 for regions, 9 for autonomous regions, 10 for national areas, 3,401 for districts, 1,678 for towns, 343 for districts in cities, 3,061 for settlements, and 41,242 for villages.     

The CPSU and the Soviets

"Popular sovereignty in our country," we read in the Theses of the Central Committee of the CPSU, Fifty Years of the Great October Socialist Revolution, "is expressed above all in the soviets — representative bodies combining the features of state and civic organizations." The guidance given the soviets by the Communist Party is a vital factor in the Soviet system. This factor reflects the fundamental qualities of the political organization of socialist society. The entire course of the country's historical development has proved irrefutably that complete disclosure of the fundamental advantages of the Soviet organization of power and their utilization in the interests of socialism would be impossible in the absence of the leading role of the Party in the soviets. The relationship between the Party and the soviets in the system of socialist democracy provides the key to understanding the mechanism of popular sovereignty and reflects a fundamentally new interaction between the political leader, the state organization, and the masses of the people that is impossible under a system of exploitation. It is no accident that the apostles of anticommunism are particularly rabid in their attacks on the position of the Party in the republic of soviets, making it their primary target in their slanderous inventions and verbal attempts to subvert the principles of socialist society.     

The 22nd Congress of the CPSU and the Tasks of the Soviet Science of International Law

The 22nd Party Congress provided a profound analysis of the international situation and its perspectives, the new relationship between the forces of progress, peace and socialism and those of reaction and war—the forces of the obsolescent capitalist system.     

苏维埃犯罪客体理论:过程、特点与评析

一 随着苏联的解体,苏维埃犯罪客体理论已经终结,成为历史.从这一点上看,苏维埃犯罪客体理论具有鲜明的时空性特征.从时间上讲,它始于十月革命胜利后的20世纪20年代,终结于苏联解体;从空间上看,它存在于由15个加盟共和国组成的苏联,因此,独立后的俄罗斯的犯罪客体理论虽与苏维埃犯罪客体理论有着承继关系,但前者已不属于后者.     

The District and City Soviets: Current Problems

Among measures implemented by the Party in recent years to develop socialist democracy, a large part is played by measures to raise the role and improve the work of Soviet representative organs — Soviets of working people's deputies — which, as L. I. Brezhnev noted in the Summary Report of the Party Central Committee to the Twenty-Fourth Congress of the CPSU, are the foundation of the socialist state and most completely embody its democratic character. Either directly or through organs subordinate to them, the Soviets deal with all questions pertaining to state, economic, and sociocultural development. Their activity is directed toward implementing the Party line of more completely satisfying the material and cultural needs of the Soviet people.     

Interrelations Between Local Soviets and Law Enforcement Agencies

The question of interrelations between local soviets and law enforcement agencies is of both general theoretical and practical importance for the intensification and development of the struggle against criminal and other antisocial phenomena. The Political Report of the CPSU Central Committee to the Twenty-seventh Party Congress voiced the demand "to steadfastly raise the responsibilty of law enforcement and other agencies, to strengthen state arbitration and the legal services in the soviets and in the national economy, and to improve the legal education of the population. The use of the entire force of Soviet laws in the struggle against crime and other legal infractions, so that people in every population center feel the concern of the state for their peace and inviolability, so that they be assured that not a single law breaker will escape the punishment he deserves, is an unceasing task."¹     

Improving the Functioning of the Soviets of Working People's Deputies

V. I. Lenin saw a fundamental and necessary condition for transforming the life of society on socialist principles to lie in the constant strengthening of the Soviets and the socialist state, a strengthening which he also regarded as a dependable defense of the interests of the working class and of working people as a whole.     

A Study of the Effectiveness of Village and District Soviets in Belorussia

For the role of local soviets to rise requires an increase in the efficiency of the organizational and legal forms by which they function. Scientific studies making it possible to offer well-founded recommendations to improve both legislation and practical experience are called upon to play an important role in this. In particular, empirical research (the study of documents: minutes of sessions, meetings of standing committees, decisions of election commissions, the periodical press, etc.; statistical data, observations, interviews, etc.) make it possible to study such questions concerning the activity of soviets of working people's deputies as the level of deputies' activity at sessions, the establishment and functioning of standing committees, the degree to which the work of the soviets is conducted before the eyes of the public, and so forth.     

从科学发展与社会和谐的内在统一看法制建设的任务

在以和平与发展为时代主题的今天,我国政权机关、执政党和学界、新闻舆论普遍用科学发展取代传统的发展理念,这是政治家、学者和管理者们对发展的符合时代要求的新的诠释,是发展这一人类价值观在环境时代的特殊表现形式.我们应该按照环境时代对人类行为、国家战略、社会发展政策等的要求,把科学发展变成法制建设的指导思想.     

The Safeguarding of Socialist Legality By Local Soviets

V. I. Lenin regarded socialist legality as one of the basic principles of the activity of the state, its organs, officials, and citizens, based upon the requirement that the laws be adhered to unswervingly. He persistently emphasized the need "to hold sacred the laws and directives of Soviet power and to make sure that they are carried out by each and all." (1)     

"发展法学"与法学的发展--兼论经济法理论中的发展观

经济与社会的发展离不开一定的发展观,该发展观在相关的法律制度和法学研究中都要有所体现,以促进新兴的"发展法学"的形成;发展观在传统法和现代法理论中会有不同的显现,在"发展法学"中的经济法学领域则体现得尤为突出;对"发展法学"的深入研究有助于推动整个法学的发展.     

Enhancing the Role of the Local Soviets and Developing Civic Principles in Their Work

The decisions of the last few congresses of the CPSU have played a large role in improving the activity of the soviets. The measures envisaged in the Party Program to improve the work of the soviets, to develop their democratic foundations and civic [obshchestvennye] principles, are being implemented successfully in the local agencies of government and administration.     

Direction of Internal Affairs Organs By Local Soviets

The territorial organs of internal affairs are subordinate to local Soviets of working people's deputies and comprise departments or administrations of the executive committees of territorial, regional, city, and district Soviets. In their direction of these bodies local Soviets exercise essentially the same rights as in directing other departments and administrations of various branches of government under dual subordination. However, the distinctive features of the internal organizational structure of the internal affairs bodies themselves, as well as of their functioning and the specific form taken by their dual subordination, are responsible for the fact that that direction has unique aspects. (1)     

On Improving the Legislation on Territorial and Regional Soviets of Working People's Deputies

The Report of the Central Committee of the CPSU to the Twenty-fifth Party Congress advanced the proposal of adopting laws to define the jurisdiction of territorial [krai], regional [oblast'], and area [okrug] soviets of working people's deputies. This proposal was adopted unanimously by the delegates to the congress. In the course of the work begun to draft these laws, which will define the content and form of activity at the present stage of the building of communism of such an important link in the system of soviets as the regional and territorial soviets, many questions have arisen demanding profound and comprehensive scientific study. In this connection the editors invite legal scholars and practical workers to share in the pages of the journal the results of their research and generalizations from the experience of the work of the soviets and from application of the prevailing legislation, and to express judgments, proposals, and recommendations on the paths to be followed in improving the legislation on territorial, regional, and area soviets.     

Local Soviets in the Ukraine during the Years of the Great Patriotic War

From the very first day of the Great Patriotic War, local Soviets of all the Soviet republics contributed in every possible way to the use of all forces and means for the needs of defense of the Motherland and the defeat of the enemy. The Ukraine was one of the first to experience all the hardships of the fascist invasion: the death of people, the destruction of cities and villages, and the bestial cruelty perpetrated by Hitler's minions on the occupied territory. With the direct participation of the local Soviets of the republic, about 2 million people were mobilized into the ranks of the Red Army in the first months of the war alone, 657 fighting battalions were formed, sections of the People's Army numbering more than a million persons were created, and over 2 million citizens worked to build equipment for defense. The Soviets also used their efforts to organize the evacuation of the population, industrial enterprises, and various material goods from the territory near the front. By the end of 1941, more than 550 enterprises, 427 machine tractor stations, a huge volume of agricultural products, and over 4 million Soviet citizens had been evacuated from the territory of the republic.¹ This tremendous work was done under the leadership of Party organizations, the supreme organs of government, and the central administrative bodies of the republic. The entire country of Soviets gave all-round assistance to the Ukrainian SSR.     

The Law on the Status of Deputies to the Soviets - In Action

The Law on the Status of Deputies to Soviets of Working People's Deputies in the USSR, adopted by the Supreme Soviet, has been in effect now for over a year and a half. Taking into consideration the special importance of exact and undeviating implementation of that law, the Committees on Legislative Proposals and the Mandate Committees of the two houses of the USSR Supreme Soviet have made a careful study of experience in carrying out this law and discussed this question in March 1974 at a joint meeting. A report to this meeting was presented by I. K. Lutak, deputy to the USSR Supreme Soviet and leader of a group of member-deputies of these committees who had prepared this question for consideration. G. I. Usmanov, chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Tatar Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic and deputy to the USSR Supreme Soviet, presented a report on experience in applying the Law on the Status of Deputies, as did N. A. Evsigneev, chairman of the Executive Committee of the Voronezh Regional Soviet of Working People's Deputies. Animated discussion arose at the meeting. Participating in it were deputies R. Kh. Abdullaeva, L. T. Torkkeli, A. N. Balandin, F. S. Kuralenok, B. P. Beshchev (USSR minister of transportation), and also S. I. Gusev, deputy procuratorgeneral of the USSR. I. V. Kapitonov, chairman of the Committee on Legislative Proposals of the Council of the Union and a secretary of the CPSU Central Committee, also spoke at the meeting.     

Relations of Territorial and Regional Soviets with Associations not Subordinate to Them

With the establishment and functioning of industrial and protection associations, the question arose of their relationships with local soviets, above all, those at the territorial and regional levels. If one bases oneself on the text of the respective statutes on these new forms of organization of social production, one finds virtually no reference to local soviets. (1) But this does not mean that the appearance of the associations is not reflected in the work of local organs of state authority. Experience shows that both now and under earlier changes in the system of management of the national economy, local soviets do not, and cannot, stand aside from these complicated processes. Being geographic entities of the unitary Soviet authority and executing the function of state direction in the area under their jurisdiction, they enter into various relationships with new economic complexes, their components and agencies.     

2005年世界科学技术发展综述

《2005年世界科学技术发展综述》(以下简称《综述》),对该年度各国着力提高科技创新能力、建设创新型国家的新进展;高度重视能源、生态环境等涉及可持续发展问题的情况;发达国家大力发展高新技术、争夺科技制高点的竞争态势;加强科技对国家重大问题的支撑以及人们关注的其它科学技术热点问题等,进行综合评述。该综合评述通过制胜之道——着力建设创新型国家、高度重视可持续发展、大力争夺科技发展制高点、加强科技对国家重大问题的支撑、科学伦理与道德引发反思、知识产权被提到国家战略高度、国际科技合作取得多项实质进展、几点启示八个部分进行阐述。     

落实首要标准新任务推进教育工作新发展

2008年6月，在全国政法系统学习贯彻党的十七大精神及胡锦涛总书记重要讲话专题研讨班上，周永康同志明确提出：“监管场所要把改造人放在第一位……，要把刑释解教人员重新违法犯罪率作为衡量监管工作的首要标准，确保教育改造工作取得实效。…‘首要标准”的提出，是劳教工作发展的必然趋势，既体现了劳教工作服务和谐社会的客观需要，也反映了新时期劳教工作顺应时代潮流向前推进的内在要求，是中国特色社会主义劳教事业健康发展的重要支撑点。     

论中国宪法学家的使命

宪法学家的古典形象表明,学术追求与政治担当是宪法学家的双重使命。中国宪法学家的学术追求在于:发掘历史经验,拓展研究领域;洞悉历史逻辑,揭示宪政规律;立足客观实在,形成宪法共识;围绕中国问题,构建中国特色社会主义宪法学。而中国宪法学家政治担当(推进民主政治)的基本维度在于:中国国情是发展民主政治的基础,宪法思维是促进民主政治的核心,政治智慧是实现民主政治的关键。