The Military,the media and the invasion of Grenada

The article begins by discussing trends in official U.S. information policies before the invasion of Grenada (1983), describing the tendency towards secrecy and limited disclosure. The immediate political background to the invasion is outlined, including an examination of attempts to produce a plausible justification for military intervention. The management of the media both immediately before and after the invasion is detailed and the article concludes by assessing the lessons and aftermaths of the information war fought during the Grenada episode.The Grenada ban is not an isolated incident, but part of a pattern ... (Time, 7 November 1983)     

Economic constitutionalism: Path for state to intervene in the economy

Constitutional agreement and support is a necessity to a legitimate collective economic action. The purpose of economic constitutionalism is to determine the due process of government economic actions. Economic constitutionalism can provide a set of constitutional economic commands for the social economic actions. It is a path that allows the state to intervene in the economy. Under the structure of economic constitutionalism, liberty and intervention can be balanced. Only the intervention defined and established by an economic democratic mechanism can avoid economic autocracy. The share of economic powers by both the state and the social members can safeguard the social and democratic nature of intervention. Intervention is not always accompanied by the public, and the public is not inevitably superior to individuals. Individualism in the public is the value guide to form the public.     

仲裁:文物国际争议解决的新路径

文物非法流转的迅速蔓延致使国际争议大量发生,尽管对其解决有多种机制可供选择,但每种机制自身存在的缺陷却限制了其有效性的发挥。同时由于各国法律的差异、国际合作的匮乏,使这一问题始终难以得到根本解决。仲裁,作为一种开放、灵活的路径,将为文物国际争议的解决注入新鲜血液。以海牙国际仲裁院(PCA)为基础,建立专门的文物国际争议仲裁庭将是目前适宜的选择。     

法定法官原则:审判委员会改革的新路径

法定法官作为一项宪法性原则,其核心内涵是法院的案件分配作业必须受制于事先一般的、抽象的法律规定,何等案件由何位法官承审绝不能等案件诉诸法院后再临时委任某个法官。审判委员会闭门讨论决定案件是一种事实上废除法定法官原则的定案方式,它侵犯乃至剥夺了当事人的公正审判权,理应依据法定法官原则对之进行改革。审判委员会改组为刑委庭和民委庭后,所有原本由审判委员会讨论决定的案件都由立案庭直接分配至刑委庭或民委庭审理。各级法院应该重新修订既有的案件分配规则,并改革审判委员会遴选机制,以使无行政职务的精英法官能进入审判委员会。此等改革不触动审判委员会的宏观指导职能及其行使方式,改革阻力应该不大。     

从权力到权利:算法治理的路径

人工智能时代,算法日益介入社会生活中。我国对算法的治理刚刚起步,现有的算法治理模式并不能适应算法技术的发展。基于对我国算法治理现状和治理困境的分析,提出从权力到权利的算法治理路径,并借助“权利束”这一概念,从整体上对算法权利进行构思,以实现算法控制者和算法相对人的利益平衡。     

Up the Hill and Across the Aisle: Discovering the Path to Bipartisanship in Washington

Appeals for bipartisan diplomacy pepper popular commentary, often with wistful references to a bygone era where leaders (like Lyndon Johnson and Everett Dirksen) set aside partisan point scoring to serve the public interest. Here we reconsider the elements driving bipartisan contact in Washington. Stepping back from popular narratives, we situate the president‐opposing leader relationship within a more general class of institutional bargaining, leading to the prediction that bipartisan negotiation emerges from a particular combination of incentives and institutions—namely, when the president is strong politically (rendering opposing leaders willing to compromise) but opposing party leaders are strong institutionally (rendering them crucial to passing the deal). Utilizing Presidential Daily Diaries, hypotheses are tested against original data on presidents' personal interactions with opposing Senate leaders across 40 years, 20 Congresses, and eight presidencies (1961–2000).     

Ex Turpi Causa: Reformation not Revolution

Seldom has an area of law been so afflicted with uncertainties and contradictions as the illegality defence and rarely have judicial opinions been so sharply divided as in the Supreme Court decision in Patel v Mirza where nine Justices examined the issue of the correct approach to the illegality defence. Six of them endorsed the ‘range of factors’ approach, whereas three condemned it. This paper defends the majority's approach against the minority's criticisms but argues that refinements should be made to it in order to address the uncertainty that may arise from its application.     

辛亥革命中的三大妥协及其历史遗产

辛亥革命中形成了汉满民族妥协、南北政治妥协和孙袁权力妥协三大妥协,这既是参与政治各方发挥政治智慧的结果,更是革命的大势所趋所逼的结果.三大妥协使得辛亥革命以较小的代价和低烈度的震荡实现了共和政制的跃迁,结束了秦汉以来垂两千多年的君主专制.百年以来,这一妥协成果依然是后人享受且在升值的宝贵遗产.     

Governing after the Rights Revolution

In this paper I explore the relevance of neo-republican thinking for current debates in constitutional law. In particular, I am interested in how deliberative forms of law and democracy might be grounded in real-world institutional contexts. My thesis is that the neo-republican model, underpinned as it is by the values of equality, participation, and accountability, has both explanatory and critical potential when exploring the voices, spaces, and processes of constitutionalism. I test this argument with reference to constitutional change in Northern Ireland. It is evident that equality is the core value in the settlement reached but it is in the combination of values that the potential and tensions will arise in the future. The provisions of the Northern Ireland Act 1998 on equality are useful examples of how law might be shaped to include the voices of affected groups in the process of enforcing change in public administration. Law's role in this process is, however, more problematic than is often assumed. In this, and in other aspects of the settlement, there are lessons for others who are presently reflecting on the constitutional future in the new devolutionary contexts.     

论“文学革命”爆发的社会时代原因

1917年爆发的“文学革命”是社会时代的产物。社会制度由帝制而共和的变迁,社会恶劣环境状况的刺激,外来思想文化的影响,本土文学改良的积淀和新文化运动的助产,构成了“文学革命”产生的四大主要社会时代因素。     

完善最低生活保障制度的路径选择

政府在低保政策的制定、低保对象的认定及低保对象的管理和服务等问题上发挥着至关重要的作用.随着最低生活保障制度实践的开展,低保责任主体的责任划分、相关职能部门自身能力建设以及各项制度的衔接等问题对政府的低保工作提出了挑战.为此,各级政府为完善最低生活保障制度做出了有益探索.     

自主创新：面向未来的科技强国之路

“以以自主创新提升产业技术水平”，“科学技术发展，要坚持自主创新、重点跨越、支撑发展、引领未来，不断增强企业创新能力，加快建设国家创新体系”。在阴前闭幕的十六届五中全会上，自主创新成为提及频率极高的关键词，而必须提高自主创新能力更是被提高到“六个必须”的原则高度。实际上，胡锦涛总书记、温家宝总理很早就在众多场合大力提倡自主创新，这让我们清晰地看到，科技自主创新已成为决定未来中国发展走向的重要国策。     

我国民主实现的路径:从有限参与到渐进民主

公众参与即公民参与是不同民主制度下的一个共同话题,并没有一成不变的恒定模式。公众参与程度能够反映一个国家或民族民主的实现程度。中国渐进式发展的模式决定了民主参与的中西方差异,本文认为,目前,渐进民主将成为当下中国实现民主的客观需要和模式选择。     

人权的革命与革命中的人权——对罗伯斯比尔人权观的重新解读

本文在介绍了罗伯斯比尔关于人权的基本观点后,分析了罗伯斯比尔人权观中存在的内在矛盾,并结合法国大革命的历史背景着重探讨了导致罗伯斯比尔人权理想和人权实践形成巨大差距的原因。本文认为造成罗伯斯比尔人权观的悲剧既与其思想中存在的民粹主义和道德理想主义密切相关,也与那时的人权是一种人权革命后的人权和革命中的人权这一事实有着极为重要的关系。