Interrelations Between Local Soviets and Law Enforcement Agencies

The question of interrelations between local soviets and law enforcement agencies is of both general theoretical and practical importance for the intensification and development of the struggle against criminal and other antisocial phenomena. The Political Report of the CPSU Central Committee to the Twenty-seventh Party Congress voiced the demand "to steadfastly raise the responsibilty of law enforcement and other agencies, to strengthen state arbitration and the legal services in the soviets and in the national economy, and to improve the legal education of the population. The use of the entire force of Soviet laws in the struggle against crime and other legal infractions, so that people in every population center feel the concern of the state for their peace and inviolability, so that they be assured that not a single law breaker will escape the punishment he deserves, is an unceasing task."¹     

Direction of Internal Affairs Organs By Local Soviets

The territorial organs of internal affairs are subordinate to local Soviets of working people's deputies and comprise departments or administrations of the executive committees of territorial, regional, city, and district Soviets. In their direction of these bodies local Soviets exercise essentially the same rights as in directing other departments and administrations of various branches of government under dual subordination. However, the distinctive features of the internal organizational structure of the internal affairs bodies themselves, as well as of their functioning and the specific form taken by their dual subordination, are responsible for the fact that that direction has unique aspects. (1)     

The Safeguarding of Socialist Legality By Local Soviets

V. I. Lenin regarded socialist legality as one of the basic principles of the activity of the state, its organs, officials, and citizens, based upon the requirement that the laws be adhered to unswervingly. He persistently emphasized the need "to hold sacred the laws and directives of Soviet power and to make sure that they are carried out by each and all." (1)     

Local Soviets in the Ukraine during the Years of the Great Patriotic War

From the very first day of the Great Patriotic War, local Soviets of all the Soviet republics contributed in every possible way to the use of all forces and means for the needs of defense of the Motherland and the defeat of the enemy. The Ukraine was one of the first to experience all the hardships of the fascist invasion: the death of people, the destruction of cities and villages, and the bestial cruelty perpetrated by Hitler's minions on the occupied territory. With the direct participation of the local Soviets of the republic, about 2 million people were mobilized into the ranks of the Red Army in the first months of the war alone, 657 fighting battalions were formed, sections of the People's Army numbering more than a million persons were created, and over 2 million citizens worked to build equipment for defense. The Soviets also used their efforts to organize the evacuation of the population, industrial enterprises, and various material goods from the territory near the front. By the end of 1941, more than 550 enterprises, 427 machine tractor stations, a huge volume of agricultural products, and over 4 million Soviet citizens had been evacuated from the territory of the republic.¹ This tremendous work was done under the leadership of Party organizations, the supreme organs of government, and the central administrative bodies of the republic. The entire country of Soviets gave all-round assistance to the Ukrainian SSR.     

Elections and the Soviets

Elections for the local Soviets now functioning were held in March 1961. The number of Soviets elected in the USSR as a whole was 49,858, of which 7 were for territories, 107 for regions, 9 for autonomous regions, 10 for national areas, 3,401 for districts, 1,678 for towns, 343 for districts in cities, 3,061 for settlements, and 41,242 for villages.     

The Local Soviets of Working People's Deputies at the Present Stage in the Building of Communism

The local Soviets have been and remain the most numerous link of the soviet system of representation. Being engaged, day in and day out, with various problems in the development of the economy and culture, they concern themselves with improving the wellbeing of the people under the conditions existing in each populated place. The population often judges the success and shortcomings of the machinery of government in general in terms of the triumphs and failings of the local Soviets. Therefore, in dealing with the problem of reinforcing and developing the Soviets as the organization embracing the entire people and embodying its unity, the 22nd Party Congress and the Program adopted by it directed attention to the need to improve the organization and functioning of all levels of the soviet system of representation.     

The CPSU and the Soviets

"Popular sovereignty in our country," we read in the Theses of the Central Committee of the CPSU, Fifty Years of the Great October Socialist Revolution, "is expressed above all in the soviets — representative bodies combining the features of state and civic organizations." The guidance given the soviets by the Communist Party is a vital factor in the Soviet system. This factor reflects the fundamental qualities of the political organization of socialist society. The entire course of the country's historical development has proved irrefutably that complete disclosure of the fundamental advantages of the Soviet organization of power and their utilization in the interests of socialism would be impossible in the absence of the leading role of the Party in the soviets. The relationship between the Party and the soviets in the system of socialist democracy provides the key to understanding the mechanism of popular sovereignty and reflects a fundamentally new interaction between the political leader, the state organization, and the masses of the people that is impossible under a system of exploitation. It is no accident that the apostles of anticommunism are particularly rabid in their attacks on the position of the Party in the republic of soviets, making it their primary target in their slanderous inventions and verbal attempts to subvert the principles of socialist society.     

Development of the Soviets and the Tasks of Science

The conditions of development of socialist society require intensification of the ties between science [nauka] and the practice of the building of communism. As L. I. Brezhnev emphasized in the Report of the CPSU Central Committee to the Twenty-fourth Party Congress, "theoretical interpretation of the phenomena of social life and its leading trends enables the Party to foresee the course of social processes and to develop the right political course, avoiding errors and subjectivist solutions." The Congress advanced the task of giving even greater attention to the development of theory and achieving an intimate connection of the social sciences with practical work and the solution of current problems in the building of communism.     

The Role of Panels in Enhancing Legal Predictability

This article considers the justification for using panels of judges to make decisions in common law systems. The usual argument is that panels are more likely than lone judges to make correct judgments. This article suggests an additional justification: panels increase the law's predictability, so potential litigants can anticipate correctly which legal rules will apply in their cases. Three models, each with a different conception of the legal process, are employed to demonstrate the predictability-enhancing effect of panels. Comparison of the models suggests the effect is strongest when precedent has a substantial impact on how judges make decisions.     

世界贸易组织的基本原则和竞争政策的作用

一　竞争政策与世界贸易组织共同的哲学基础竞争政策和世界贸易组织的共同目的在于促进和维护自由开放的贸易制度。世界贸易组织的任务是建立以自由和开放市场为基础的国际贸易制度 ,竞争政策的任务既涉及国内市场 ,又涉及国际市场。然而 ,千万不要误解两者在目标和宗旨上的这种相似性。世界贸易组织致力于削减或取消政府的贸易壁垒 ,如关税和数量限制。在 1947年《关贸总协定》的基础上 ,又进行了八轮贸易谈判 ,最后一次是 1986年到 1993年的“乌拉圭回合”。乌拉圭谈判的重大成果就是在《哈瓦那宪章》和建立国际贸易组织的动议失败 5 0年…     

A Study of the Effectiveness of Village and District Soviets in Belorussia

For the role of local soviets to rise requires an increase in the efficiency of the organizational and legal forms by which they function. Scientific studies making it possible to offer well-founded recommendations to improve both legislation and practical experience are called upon to play an important role in this. In particular, empirical research (the study of documents: minutes of sessions, meetings of standing committees, decisions of election commissions, the periodical press, etc.; statistical data, observations, interviews, etc.) make it possible to study such questions concerning the activity of soviets of working people's deputies as the level of deputies' activity at sessions, the establishment and functioning of standing committees, the degree to which the work of the soviets is conducted before the eyes of the public, and so forth.     

关于我国劳动教养工作发展趋势的思考与展望

具有中国特色的劳动教养制度历经五十年的发展,在预防和减少违法犯罪、维护社会和谐稳定方面作出了重要的贡献。然而,随着依法治国进程的加快,劳动教养制度存在的一些历史性、结构性、程序性的缺陷和不足日益突出。下面,笔者试对劳动教养的发展趋势及走向进行一些思考和展望。     

The Local Role in Homeland Security

There has been considerable discussion since September 11 of the enormous resource that local police potentially represent in the fight against terrorism. This article identifies limits to the local role in homeland security by analyzing a case study of Dearborn, Michigan. Partly because Dearborn is home to one of the largest concentrations of Arabs in the United States, its experience with homeland security highlights two kinds of burdens that cities incur when they engage in proactive surveillance to identify potential terrorists: damage to their reputation (since police surveillance implies that its objects are not trustworthy) and damage to police legitimacy (since new surveillance may undermine trust between police and the community). Because the benefits of efforts to identify terrorists typically accrue to jurisdictions other than the one that engages in it—unlike street crime, terrorism is a national or even international problem—local governments have little reason to pursue it. Instead, cities such as Dearborn have reason to emphasize what I call the "community protection" aspects of homeland security, such as target hardening and emergency response. This finding has more general implications for our understanding of the police role and the politics of policing, showing how both are shaped by the structural location police occupy in federalist systems of government.     

苏维埃犯罪客体理论:过程、特点与评析

一 随着苏联的解体,苏维埃犯罪客体理论已经终结,成为历史.从这一点上看,苏维埃犯罪客体理论具有鲜明的时空性特征.从时间上讲,它始于十月革命胜利后的20世纪20年代,终结于苏联解体;从空间上看,它存在于由15个加盟共和国组成的苏联,因此,独立后的俄罗斯的犯罪客体理论虽与苏维埃犯罪客体理论有着承继关系,但前者已不属于后者.     

Improving the Functioning of the Soviets of Working People's Deputies

V. I. Lenin saw a fundamental and necessary condition for transforming the life of society on socialist principles to lie in the constant strengthening of the Soviets and the socialist state, a strengthening which he also regarded as a dependable defense of the interests of the working class and of working people as a whole.     

科技立法在我国立法工作中的地位和作用

改革开放二十多年来,我国的科技法制建设在理论探讨和科技立法实践上都取得了明显成效,科技法制建设为实施科教兴国战略提供了坚实的法制保障。一、我国科技立法的历史进程我国实行改革开放以来,科技立法工作大致可分三个阶段。第一阶段：是党的十一届三中全会至《专利法》实施前。１９７８年前,我国的科技立法工作处于初始状态,十一届三中全会后,科技立法工作进入准备期。从１９７８年到１９８４年,国务院颁布的科技法规和国务院各部门发布的科技方面规章合计近百件。这一时期,科技立法的主要特点是比较偏重科技管理的法规,对科技…     

以科学发展观为指导 把劳教场所教育挽救工作提高到新的水平

认真总结近几年来劳教场所教育工作经验,客观地分析当前劳教场所教育工作面临的形势,认真研究进一步加强和改进劳教场所教育工作的基本思路和措施,对深化办劳教特色,推动劳教管理工作的改革,进一步提     

制度变迁中地方核心行动者的行动空间拓展与行为异化

脱胎于西方高度结构化制度环境中的新制度主义与我国低制度化的现实环境存在明显的错配,导致与常识性经验体认不符。而以地方核心行动者为视角来解析制度变迁中地方行动空间的拓展与行为异化则可以破解这一难题。我国制度变迁的波动性、制度非耦合性及实施机制不健全都给地方核心行动者扩大了行动空间。这种空间的拓展也带来了追求短期政绩、职能错位及类苏丹化现象,需要我们不断加强制度供给。