论刑事司法中的人权保障

刑事司法中的人权保障是当前人权保障的首要内容。人权的基本含义是保护个体不受任何外来势力的命令和剥夺,自由体现自己的意愿。但具有抽象人权和具体人权的双重属性。个体人权到集合体人权的发展体现了人权内容的可变性。刑事司法中的人权侵犯现象不仅普遍存在,而且具有多样性。加强刑事司法中的人权保障,要全面树立人权保障观念,正确处理实体正义和程序正义的关系,完善和正确适用刑事程序制度和刑事实体制度。     

Organization and methodological activities of Russian Center for Forensic Medical Expert Evaluations Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation

Analyzes the organization and methodological activities of Russian Center for Forensic Medical Expert Evaluations in 1996-1998. Informs about the federal law on forensic medical expert evaluations and norm-setting acts aimed at improvement of forensic medical service in the Russian Federation, which have been developed at the Center. Offers recommendations on improving the quality control of expert evaluations at territorial centers and continuous education of experts. Formulates the main tasks of the Center fort the nearest future.     

论刑事司法中的人权保护

2012年"人权入法"是我国人权保护工作的又一里程碑。但当前我国刑事法学理论界和刑事司法界均存在这样一种认识误区:将刑事法律当成"被追诉人的大宪章",过于强调保护被追诉人的人权,有的甚至提出了"宁可错放,也不错判"的主张。这种观点不但与"三大人权公约"冲突、自身存在逻辑矛盾,而且有碍司法公正。事实上,无论是从犯罪的本质、刑罚的根据、刑法的调整对象看,还是从"两法"的目的与任务看,刑事司法中保护的都应当是包括被害人、被追诉人在内的全体公民的人权。保护方式有三种:通过打击犯罪、消除犯罪对全体公民人权的威胁来直接保护;通过限制刑罚权,防止其对犯罪人人权的过度侵害来间接保护;通过限制刑罚权,防止其对无辜者的侵害来间接保护。将刑事司法的目的与任务定位为保护全体公民人权有利于促进司法公正。     

Characteristic of mortality in the Russian Federation

The objective of the present work was to estimate the overall mortality in the Russian Federation and to elucidate the structure and characteristics of violent and non-violent mortality in this country. The study is largely based on the materials of reports on the activities of local bureaus of forensic medical expertise for the period from 2003 to 2008; in addition, the data from the official demographic and statistical yearbooks issued by the Russian State Statistical Committee (Goskomstat) in 2008-2009 were used. It is shown that cardiovascular pathology appears to be currently the leading cause of general mortality in the Russian Federation. A substantial fraction in the structure of general mortality is constituted by mechanical injuries most of which are inflicted in car accidents. More than half of the fatal cases caused by external factors and around one third of the deaths from cardiovascular diseases are associated with alcohol intoxication. Statistical treatment of the results of analysis conducted in the present study provided materials for the development of recommendations designed to improve the demographic situation in the Russian Federation.     

联邦德国司法部简介

<正> (一)联邦司法部的任务 联邦司法部(BMJ)首先是立法和顾问部。它从分配给它主管的法律内容范围拟订法律和法规草案,例如民法、刑法以及诉讼法。联邦司法部的顾问任务包括,在准备立法计划时注意它在总体上是否与宪法一致以及拟订工作是否遵守统一的形式。 而对各司法管理机构,即对法院和检察机构的管辖权则主要归联邦各州的司法部掌握。这同基本法第30条普遍的,也是对行政管理领域有效的准则是一致的。根据这一条的规定,原则上联邦各州负责行使国家的权限和完成国家的任务,联邦只是在基本法明确允许时,才完成这些任务。 因此,除了联邦独立的宪法机构联邦宪法法院外,在联邦一级只设立了联邦最高法院(基本法第95     

Constitutional Judicial Review in the Russian Federation

The institution of constitutional judicial review has acquired a new legal foundation for its application: the Constitution of the Russian Federation (RF), adopted on 12 December 1993; the federal constitutional Law on the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation of 21 June 1994; and other acts. However, the opportunities for full implementation of this new legislation on constitutional judicial review in the Russian Federation are constrained by problems from the past: first of all, by the problem of depoliticization, which has assumed exaggerated proportions as a result of the lack of practical success that marked the first stage of the Constitutional Court's operation in Russia. The resolution of this problem has become a condition for the viability of specialized constitutional judicial review in the RF. The difficulty of understanding and mastering this problem is further aggravated by the ambiguous nature of the institution of constitutional judicial review, not only in the Russian model but also in the classical model of its organization. For it is indisputable that constitutional judicial review is a component of the mechanism of judicial authority, regardless of where it is situated in the constitutional structure of power. However, constitutional judicial review cannot be wholly equated with traditional judicial functions since it is at the same time also a political activity undertaken through a jurisdictional form.     

Decree of the President of the Russian Federation No. 668, of May 23, 2011, "On Public Councils Under the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation and Its Territorial Bodies"

Decree No. 668 defines the composition of the public council attached to the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation and of public councils attached to the territorial bodies of the ministries, and sets out the rights and responsibilities of members of these public councils.     

俄罗斯联邦反恐怖主义法

本联邦法律规定反恐怖主义的基本原则、恐怖主义的预防及反恐怖主义的法律和组织基础、减少和(或)消除恐怖主义表现的后果及在反恐怖斗争中运用俄罗斯联邦武装力量的法律和组织原则。     

《俄罗斯联邦检察院组织法》

第1条俄罗斯联邦检察院。1、俄罗斯联邦检察院是联邦统一集中的机关体系。它以俄罗斯联邦的名义在联邦的领域内对遵守联邦宪法和执行联邦现行法律实施监督。     

俄罗斯联邦检察院组织法

第一编总则 第一条俄罗斯联邦检察院 1．俄罗斯联邦检察院——是统一性联邦中央集权机构系统,以俄罗斯联邦名义对俄罗斯联邦领域内现行法律执行状况及俄罗斯联邦宪法遵守情况进行法律监督。     

The Code Of Civil Procedure of the Russian Federation

The new Code of Civil Procedure of the RSFSR, adopted on June 11, 1964 by the Third Session of the Sixth RSFSR Supreme Soviet, will go into effect as of October 1, 1964.     

The illegal trade of raptors in the Russian Federation

Wildlife trafficking, along with other green crimes, receives little attention from the criminological community. This study provides further knowledge of this black market, and exposes the structural harms that are associated with it, by examining the illegal trade in falcons in Russian Far East. The structural harms proposed here are that wildlife trafficking, and the illegal raptor trade in particular endangers the environment, is cruel to animals, and threatens national and human security because of its connection to other dangerous illicit activities. Through semi‐structured interviews, trade statistics, and online news sources, a framework is developed as to who is involved, how it is occurring, and where it is taking place as well as possible ways in which to curb this activity.