The Legal Standing of Soviet Collegia of Attorneys

Protection of the rights of citizens is the task not only of the Soviet national state but of a number of social organizations. The collegium of defense attorneys is a social organization set up and functioning specifically to conduct comprehensive defense of citizens' rights by juridical means. Defense of the individual's rights against any infringements, the struggle for legality, and assistance to socialist administration of justice make the rewarding and humane work of the attorney of major state significance. Its role increases as democratic institutions are broadened and the guarantees of the rights and freedoms of Soviet citizens are strengthened.     

Court Practice in Issuing Special Findings on Criminal Cases

A most important responsibility of the Soviet court, deriving from the Party Program, is the reinforcement of socialist legality, the prevention and uprooting of crime, and the education of citizens in the spirit of unswerving execution of Soviet laws and respect for the rules of the socialist community.     

Eliminate Errors in Court Interpretation of Legislation on Necessary Defense

The principle of necessary defense is an important legal means of preventing crime that socializes citizens in the spirit of struggle in defense of state and public interests and the rights and legal interests of Soviet citizens. Actions committed in necessary defense are socially useful.     

Judicial Supervision of Administrative Acts

Citizens of the USSR enjoy a broad range of socio-economic, political, and personal rights. State organs, social organizations, and officials have the function of protecting those rights and respecting persons. The idea of strengthening the legal foundation of state and social life is clearly expressed in the USSR Constitution: "The Soviet state and all its bodies function on the basis of socialist law, ensure the maintenance of law and order, and safeguard the interests of society and the rights and freedoms of citizens" (Article 4, Paragraph 1).     

Legal Position of Foreigners in the USSR Under the New Civil Legislation

Given the constant expansion of the international ties of the Soviet Union, the need has long since arisen to give legal form to a number of points bearing on the legal status and rights in civil law of foreign citizens, enterprises and organizations, the applicability of foreign civil laws, as well as the execution of legal decisions and orders of foreign courts in civil matters.     

网络言论的失范及其法律规制

网络言论作为公民言论的一种形式，其自由同样必须建立在合法的基础上，侵犯国家、社会或公民、法人、其他组织合法权益的言论，必须受到法律的追究。然而，网络言论是以何种方式侵权、又该如何通过法律加以规制，这都是值得探索的新问题。     

The Role of International Legal Norms in Ensuring the "Right to a Legal Defense"

On 22 November 1991, the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR adopted the "Declaration of the Rights and Freedoms of the Individual and Citizen."¹ Article 1 of the declaration states that universally recognized international norms on human rights have priority over the laws of the RSFSR where they directly give rise to rights and duties of citizens. But, in the words of A.M. Vasil'ev, this is "really only a defended, not a proclaimed right."² The systems of international and Soviet law set down the procedure and the order of realization of rights and freedoms and the ways and means for their legal defense. An important guarantee for the realization of rights and freedoms is ensuring the individual's right to a legal defense.     

警察维权困境与出路——基于合法性视角的观察

警察权益受损可以通过合法性视角而得到观察。它是合法性形式规范结构体系不完整和实质指向发生偏差的综合反映,是制度化不力的结果。合法性困境的一面是警察权益受损,另一面则是公民权益受损。社会变迁加剧了这种局面,但也展示了变革的趋向。改变这一困境的出路在于制度化建设,其基本路径是：在价值取向上,公民权具有优先性,警察权威的树立应与公民权的保护相一致;在实践上,秩序具有优先性,公民权只有在秩序之下才能逐步完善,因而,警察权威的树立应先行。在此种格局下,警察权益受损是社会变迁的代价,其救济主要通过警察组织内部途径而予以实现。司法救济只能通过补偿警察作为公民权益受损而实现。作为公权的警察权益只有在公民权得到根本改善的前提下才能在司法渠道上得以实现,而这是一个长期的过程。     

行政诉讼裁决的经济效益分析

行政诉讼裁决是对具体行政行为合法性的审查结论,合法性标准是行政诉讼必须贯彻和坚持的基础标准,在这个标准的限度内,贯彻和实施诉讼经济原则。从司法权和行政权的关系角度观察,合法性标准也是司法机关和行政机关的权力份额,即通称的司法审查程度,这个程度不能过严,也不能过宽,适当的程度才能既保障行政效率,又能保护公民、法人或其他组织的合法权益。行政诉讼必须为经济建设服务,为改革、开放保驾护航,这是其基本价值所在。     

Ways of Improving State Guidance of Advocates

Collegia of advocates [advokaty] in the USSR are self-governing public organizations of professional lawyers, voluntarily associated, whose purpose is to provide defense services during the preliminary investigation and before the court, representation in civil cases in court and before the arbitration system, and other kinds of legal help to citizens, enterprises, institutions, and organizations. The collegia of advocates are social organizations of the independent type, occupying an important place in the system of political organization of Soviet society.     

论文化权利的宪法保护

公民的文化权利与公民所享有的政治、经济和社会权利一样,都是公民作为国家和社会主人翁所必须享有的法律利益。我国是社会主义国家,保护公民权利是社会主义事业一贯的宗旨。从宪法角度来保障公民的文化权利,最主要的是应当加强相关的制度建设。应当在宪法文本中明确文化权利的基本权利宪法地位,明确国家和政府在保障文化权利方面应当承担的职责或义务,加强对文化权利的平等性的保护以及应当制定文化基本法律,来保障文化权利的实现真正做到有法可依。     

Certain Aspects of the Legal Consciousness of Students in the Higher Grades

The cultivation of a socialist legal consciousness has been elevated in our country to a goal for the people and state as a whole. In the decisions of the Central Committee of the CPSU, the Presidium of the USSR Supreme Soviet, and the USSR Council of Ministers on intensifying the struggle against crime (July 1966), it was proposed that the prevailing legislation, the rights and duties of citizens, and the role and significance of agencies of the courts, the procuracy, and the militia be explained systematically and purposefully.     

Some Theoretical Problems of the Constitutional Structure of the Soviet State

The Soviet Constitution is the fundamental law stipulating the socio-economic and political system, defining the principles of organization and functioning of the state agencies, the legal position of social organizations and the legal status of citizens (their fundamental rights and duties), and proclaiming the basic tasks of the people and the trends in the development of society and the state. In other words, it reflects a half century of experience in building the society and state, the historical triumphs of the people in various areas of economic, political and cultural life, and it indicates the direction of further development.     

实现正义——公平审判权在中国的发展

文章强调了一个有效的辩护援助体系对保障公平审判权的必要性。为了保障穷人能够平等地享有正义,一个国家必须拥有一套提供给他们律师的机制。文章分析了促使一个国家为她的公民建立有效公平审判权的关键因素。文章首先论述了,中国的法律援助体系在其公民权利保护进程中扮演的关键角色和继续发展法律援助对中国长远利益的必要性。其次,本文表明了,国际组织怎样通过培训和能力培养方式在支持权利保护的进程中发挥巨大作用。最后,文章指出只有充分尊重中国的自治,国际合作才能发挥更大作用。文章特别展示了IBJ的经验,以显示国际组织如何与中国政府开展合作,成功地提高中国公民权利保护水平。     

民事法律行为类型化的创新与完善

民事法律行为虽已成我国民商法领域重要成果,但也生发出诸多理论与实践上的问题和逻辑矛盾。我国学界有人认为民事法律行为的矛盾源于前苏联民法,一些权威性民法著作主张将"民事法律行为"恢复至德国"法律行为"。但是在构建具有中国特色的社会主义民商法理论体系中,似乎不应当非此即彼,而应当在剔除民事法律行为必须合法这一不合理因素的基础上,坚守民事法律行为在民商法领域的应有地位,且应进一步改变将其局限于民事法律关系原因层面的民事法律事实中的行为,借鉴和吸收我国法理学界的研究成果,将其界定为"由民法规范的、具有民事法律意义和效果的行为";其形式类型上应当从现在"民事法律事实"中的行为拓展至民事法律关系要素客体方面的行为和民事法律关系要素内容中的民事权利行为和民事义务行为,以致包括民事违法行为和民事责任行为。     

Strict Adherence to Law by Courts in Criminal Trials

The reinforcement of legality and public order by every possible means, and the fuller protection of the rights of Soviet citizens are inviolable conditions for the successful building of a communist society in our country. In connection therewith, there is a marked increase in the demands made upon the judicial agencies, whose work must be performed with exact and undeviating execution of the laws.     

论行政强制执行的法律救济

行政强制执行,作为行政强制的一方面,关系到行政相对人的人身、财产等重要权利。在强调法治和人权的今天,这些属于公民的重要权利越来越受到统治者的重视。同时,行政权存在被滥用的危险,行政强制执行中也可能出现不法或不当情形。因此,法律应当对行政强制执行进行有效控制,从而维护公民合法权益。为实现此目的,法律应运用多种调整方法,法律救济就是其中的重要部分。在很多行政法治国家,行政强制执行的法律救济制度都比较完善,并各具特色。对于国外的一些成功经验,我国应当在立法过程中予以关注和参考。鉴于我国目前的法律救济制度存在某些方面的问题和不足,提出相关的立法构想。     

The Safeguarding of Socialist Legality By Local Soviets

V. I. Lenin regarded socialist legality as one of the basic principles of the activity of the state, its organs, officials, and citizens, based upon the requirement that the laws be adhered to unswervingly. He persistently emphasized the need "to hold sacred the laws and directives of Soviet power and to make sure that they are carried out by each and all." (1)     

The Russian Diaspora in the Baltic Countries

The Constitution of the USSR is the basis for the further improvement and development of all branches of law. One of the most important lines of development of the political system of Soviet society is the strengthening of the legal foundation for the affairs of government and society (Article 9, Constitution of the USSR). This provision expresses the need for further elevating the role of law and strengthening legality in the developed socialist society. (1)     

More Attention to Education About the Law

The importance of socialist legality is constantly rising at the present stage of the building of communism in our country. This is due to a number of factors, primarily the further broadening of democracy for the entire people, which constitutes, as defined by the Twenty-Fourth Congress of the Party, the principal emphasis in the development of socialist government. "The reinforcement of legality," said Comrade L. I. Brezhnev in his Report to the Twenty-Fourth Congress of the CPSU, "is not a task for the machinery of the state alone. The organizations of the Party, trade unions, and the Komsomol must do everything necessary to assure the strictest observance of law and improve the education of the people with respect to the law."