Real Property, Spontaneous Order, and Norms in the Gold Mines

This article contributes to the current debate about why people follow the law even when they are not subject to legal sanctions, as when there are no police and little danger of a lawsuit. Most recent scholarship in this area takes the form of norms theories, suggesting that social norms rather than laws shape behavior and that deviations from the norm are punished by either social or internal sanctions. Robert Sugden, however, proposes that order may develop "spontaneously" in the many areas of life where abiding by the rules minimizes the risk of costly confrontations with others and is thus in the interest of all parties. When this is true, the threat of little or no sanctions plays no role in regulating behavior. This article tests Sugden's theory against a simple property system, that of the California gold mines, in which individual miners held small claims subject to strict work requirements. The evidence of eyewitnesses shows that the stability of the regime did not depend on norms, but on the reasonable prediction that other claim holders would themselves stand up for their rights under the local mining code. Disputes about the rules and their application were submitted to arbitrators, whose decisions were accepted by the parties and did not need to be enforced. The California experience thus provides an example of a stable property regime for which game theory has a more satisfying explanation than do any of the norms theories.     

Real life examples, good tips and sample questions...

In mergers and acquisitions, difficulties connected to the IPaspects of a deal can represent significant obstacles. Theseneed to be identified and resolved, or at least fully appreciatedand understood, before the deal can move forward. Attempts toremove the obstacles must be reasonable, taking into accounttimescales, the value of the deal, and the appropriate levelof costs—but it is always a question of assessing theacceptable level of risk in the circumstances of     

对物权行为及物权变动的理论思考

作为一种常见的法律事实，物权行为应当与债权行为同样受到重视。通过实例对物权行为的结构深入分析，使我们充分认识到物权行为的独立性。并在此基础上，结合债权行为完成对物权变动的理论探讨，进一步证明物权行为存在的价值及建立物权制度的必要性。     

Remorse, Reform and the Real World: Reply to Lippke

This article replies to some of Richard Lippke’s criticisms of my earlier article on the issue of whether remorse should mitigate sentence. I query whether remorse-based mitigation must always wait for signs of moral reform, and re-affirm that remorse is worthy of recognition in itself and not just for the moral reform it may bring. I also argue that, where delayed mitigation is appropriate, the task of ascertaining moral reform is not as dubious, practically or in principle, as Lippke maintains. I then confirm that my defence of the principle that remorse should mitigate sentence is not necessarily a defence of current practice.     

Laws, Models, and Real People: Choice of Chapter in Personal Bankruptcy

It has been a central assumption in bankruptcy policy debates that financially troubled persons faced with bankruptcy will respond to economic incentives and disincentives. Two provisions of the Bankruptcy Code (Chapters 7 and 13) are most commonly used by individual debtors. Under Chapter 7 debtors agree to give up all their property (n excess of state-determined exemptions) to a trustee for sale and distribution to creditors. Under Chapter 13 debtors keep all their property but agree to pay all or part of their debts over three to five years. This empirical study of fifteen hundred consumers in three states explores whether economic incentives and disincentives are in fact the chief factors influencing choice of chapter. The analysis demonstrates that while economic factors play a part, noneconomic factors are also significant, among them intra- and interstate migration, marital status, self-employment, state of residence, and local legal culture. We conclude that to explore fully how individual decisions are made, the simplistic economic model must be replaced by a more sophisticated model that accounts for both economic and noneconomic factors.     

Real Estate Transactions: Policy Considerations for Law, Technology and Globalization

This essay explores a number of issues related to intellectual property and technology in real estate transactions. It examines these issues with reference to differences in property law concepts in a global context, looking at both civil law and common law ideas, for instance. The essay also discusses the integration of technology into real-estate development projects and the infrastructure requirements for promoting real estate markets in countries with emerging and transitional economies. A key observation of the essay involves the need to think about property law questions in an integrated manner. It is no longer possible to think in a compartmentalized way regarding real property and intellectual property – in modern real estate transactions these areas are fully integrated.     

荷兰的分区规划、土地征收与房地产管理

分区规划是荷兰空间规划中最为重要的规划之一,也是政府行使土地征收权和房屋管理权的基础。在分区规划的制定和修改过程中,规划的专业性、有效的公共参与和完善的司法救济制度不但确保了民众利益不受行政权肆意侵犯,也促进了人与自然、经济与社会的和谐发展。这种以分区规划为基础的土地管理模式,对中国土地管理制度的变革和房地产市场的健康发展具有一定借鉴意义。     

论物权的排他效力与优先效力

物权排他效力与物权优先效力是各自独立的两种物权效力。物权排他效力是同一标的物上已成立的物权排斥同一内容的物权再行成立的效力 ,物权优先效力是指物权优先于债权的效力。     

不动产财产权的自由与限制——以台湾地区的法制为中心

不动产财产权自由尽管有不完美之处,但其仍然是一项原则,对其的限制应视为例外。简单地说,只有在不动产财产权自由无法达到福祉最大时,才会思考对其限制与否。不动产财产权自由的不完美并不当然意味着对其应予以限制,只有认定限制所带来的福祉高于限制的成本时,才有限制的必要。对不动产财产权的限制必须符合正当法律程序,才符合宪法保障财产权的精神,并求得不动产财产权自由与限制的平衡。     

担保物权与时效的关联性研究

时效制度为公共秩序而牺牲公平,担保物权则是为实现公平而保障债权。夸大时效的作用而削弱担保物权的效力无益于社会信用的培育。现代法律理论已否定了法实证主义观念,将道德上的义务重新纳入法的范畴,将其视为法律上的义务,故时效并不产生消灭权利的效果,担保债权的担保物权仍有理由存在。物权法第202条的规定不但有立法技术上的缺陷,而且有价值选择上的偏差,应当重新检讨和修正。为符合社会正义观念和满足现实需求,构建不受债权时效影响的担保物权制度是必要的。     

法定公证与物权保障

民法典是国家法律体系中一个非常重要的基本法典,物权法则是民法典中一个十分重要的内容。制定物权法的目的,就是为了保护自然人、法人和其他组织直接支配不动产或者动产的权利。包括所有权、用益物权和担保物权,进而维护社会经济秩序,促进社会主义现代化建设。特别是随着我国社会主义市场经济的飞速发展,物的流转关系的日趋加快和纷繁复杂,物权法的重要作用会愈加彰显。令人欣慰的是,我们国家的最高立法机关,正是基于这一明确认识,已经把民法典的制定,纳入国家立法规划的重要过程,予以高度重视,正在紧锣密鼓地进行。     

《物权法》中物权限制规范的立法技术之缺陷及补正

我国《物权法》中的物权限制制度尽管颇具特色、不乏优点,但在立法技术上还存在着较大缺陷。本文既详细分析并论证了《物权法》中物权限制制度在立法技术上存在的诸多缺陷,又具体提出并阐明了这些缺陷的补正方法,以期对我国《物权法》的完善和实施有所裨益。     

This Time,it's for Real: The Health and Social Care Act 2012

This article examines the Health and Social Care Act 2012 and associated reforms to the National Health Service in England. It focuses on the Act's policy of making the NHS market more ‘real’, by both encouraging and compelling NHS bodies to act as ‘market players’. The article considers whether the reforms are compatible with the constitutional requirements of accountability for the provision of a public service such as the NHS. It argues that the reforms threaten accountability for three reasons: they make the Secretary of State for Health's relationship with the NHS more complex, they create opaque networks of non‐statutory bodies which may influence NHS decision‐making, and (especially in relation to competition) they ‘juridify’ policy choices as matters of law. Taken together, these arguments suggest that there is force in the claim that the reforms will contribute to ‘creeping’ – and thus unaccountable – privatisation of the NHS.     

论不动产登记和我国不动产登记制度的完善

分析不动产登记制度的历史沿革、立法例及不动产登记的性质、原则、内容、效力等问题,并提出了完善我国不动产登记制度的建议。     

Politics of Law and the Lacanian Real

The paper explores the role of Jacques Lacan’s Ethics of Psychoanalysis in debates in law and legal philosophy. It proceeds by considering a debate between Slavoj Žižek and Judith Butler over Lacan’s concept of the real, which forms part of a larger discussion over the future of democracy and the rule of law (Butler et al. 2000). Through reference to discussions of the relationship between law and ethics based on the Antigone tragedy, I argue that the difference between Žižek and Butler’s positions should not be understood in terms of the correctness of their reading of Lacan, but in terms of the political commitments that inform their respective interpretations. I explain the implications of this debate over one of Lacan’s most enigmatic concepts, thereby showing how Lacan’s theory can be used to rethink the politics of law in light of the increased emphasis on ethics in contemporary legal debates.     

物权立法与公证

目前,全国人大常委会正就《中华人民共和国物权法(草案)》征求社会各界意见。将公证制度引入物权立法,是完善我国物权登记制度的趋势所向。一、物权立法明确物权变动中的公证效力和责任,具有理论与实践依据首先,是运用法律手段保障和促进物权变动合法、规范、有序的客观需要。近年来,随着公证改革的不断深入,我国公证工作已逐步剥离行政色彩,公证权不再是行政管理权的演变和衍生;公证机构作为法律证明机构,也不再是行政机关的派生物。有的学者认为,公证的首要职能是对公民、法人及其他组织的重大法律行为、法律事件和法律文书进行证明,引导…     

物权主体论纲

国家享有以及行使国家所有权,均表现其作为公权载体的性质而非作为私权载体(法人)的性质。不论是农村“集体”还是城镇“集体”,在物权法上都没有其主体地位。法人应为其财产的所有权主体,非法人团体不具有独立财产,不得享有财产所有权和他物权。物权法上的物权主体应为自然人与法人,国家作为具有公权性质的国家所有权的主体,在物权法上具有不同于自然人与法人的特殊主体地位,而集体与非法人组织,均非物权主体。     

实物证据的鉴真问题

中国新颁行的刑事证据规定确立了实物证据的鉴真制度。根据所要鉴别的实物证据的不同，鉴真有两个相对独立的含义：一是证明法庭上出示、宣读的某一实物证据，与举证方“所声称的那份实物证据”是一致的；二是证明法庭上所出示、播放的实物证据的内容，如实记录了实物证据的本来面目，反映了实物证据的真实情况。中国刑事证据规定尽管确立了“保管链条的证明”方法，但强调通过对各种“笔录类证据”的形式审查，来验证实物证据在来源、收集、提取、制作、保管等各个环节上的可靠性。刑事证据规定还针对物证、书证、视听资料和电子证据分别确立了鉴真规则。鉴真制度要得到有效的实施，需要司法改革的决策者在刑事审判方式改革、侦诉关系改革、规范法官自由裁量权、有效实施排除规则等方面做出进一步的努力。