自然资源统一确权登记改革的立法纾困

自然资源统一确权登记是通过重识各具体资源要素间的生态功能关联而展开的空间维度的整体性登记,其蕴含了使登记客体呈现生态性革新和空间性扩张的新趋势。确权登记改革对以保障交易安全为主线的传统物权登记功能定位形成动摇,并进一步冲击了取向于自然资源财产属性的"物的区隔化经济利用"的物权客体特定性规则。对此,有必要回应自然生态空间这一独立登记单元的程序性设置对自然资源国家所有权客体形态所产生的实体性回射影响。一方面,应确认登记功能主义对登记客体的革新效果,从公示物权秩序扩至实现生态管护,登记治理效能的扩充使其呈现空间治理的新向度;另一方面,应在引入"生态物"的物权客体判定标准的基础上,对自然资源国家所有权在客体形态和权能构造方面进行"绿化"解释。以此为依托,释明支撑自然资源统一确权登记改革的"空间治理"和"生态文明"双线逻辑。     

城市地下空间开发之立法初探

我国城市发展速度不断加快,土地利用与土地资源的稀缺性之间的矛盾日益加剧,城市地下空间开发利用已经成为不争的事实。在土地平面开发模式逐渐转变为立体开发模式的过程中,地下空间的开发利用及其使用权管理相关的诸多问题没有被妥善处理,尚欠缺系统的城市规划法律规范。笔者基于我国城市地下空间开发利用之法律缺陷,借鉴国外城市地下空间的立法经验,拟对开发我国城市地下空间的立法提出建议。     

论国际河流后开发国家的权利与义务

国际河流后开发国家特殊的地理位置使其对国际河流的开发会对先开发国家的既得利益产生重要影响.国家对位于其领土内的国际水资源享有主权是后开发国家对国际河流享有开发利用权最主要的法理基础,“先占主义”理论在国际实践中鲜获支持,国际仲裁、判例进一步确认了后开发国家开发利用国际水资源的权利和义务.故国际河流后开发国家享有开发利用国际河流的权利,同时也应承担相应的国际责任和义务.我国作为大部分国际河流的后开发国家也应受到启示,以实现国际水资源的可持续利用.     

私营企业主非正式政治参与的途径与意义分析

私营企业主阶层是随着国家对资源和社会活动空间的控制范围和力度的减弱、从而获得"自由流动资源"和"自由活动空间"而成长起来的"自由活动力量"之一.私营企业主政治参与作为国家与社会关系的一种互动形态,较为集中地体现了中国的经济和社会改革对传统社会主义模式下国家与社会关系的较大规模的调整.     

循环经济法的建构与实证分析

循环经济法是一部环境友好型经济法,是具有可操作性的专项法,与现行其他法律互为补充。循环经济法的调整范围主要包括清洁生产、资源综合利用、资源的再使用、废物再生利用与处置、绿色消费等五个方面的内容。法律基本原则可以概括为减量化、再利用、资源化原则(3R原则);政府引导、市场调节、企业实施相结合原则;扶持与强制相结合原则;公众参与原则和鼓励技术创新原则。我国循环经济法的框架建议按照循环经济实施的过程予以设计,在各个环节中贯彻3R原则的要求。循环经济法可以确立规划制度,鼓励、限制、禁止名录制度,循环经济标准与指标体系制度,生产者延伸责任制度,经济扶持制度等五项基本法律制度。     

我国旅游法之“人本”考察

我国由于旅游基本法缺位、旅游专项法滞后和地方性旅游立法各异，从而导致目前对旅游者的保护不力，旅游资源不能高效合理规划和开发利用，“人本”思想理念在旅游法律及其实践中没有得到很好的贯彻，旅游法律所强调的经济效益、社会效益和生态效益的原则没有得到有机结合与和谐统一。厘清我国旅游立法的现状，并探讨旅游法律管理行为的不合理之处，意在强调“人本”思想的真实回归和加强系统立法的必要性。     

自然资源国家所有权公权说

自然资源国家所有权在主体、客体、内容、行使、救济与责任等方面都与物权存在本质差异，其并非处理平等主体间财产关系、以确立特定主体对特定物的“直接支配”为内容的民法物权，而是划分国家与个人界限，为“全民”意义上的抽象国家以立法和行政手段“间接干预”资源利用提供合法依据的宪法公权。资源国家所有权与资源物权并非同一层面的事物，二者并不排斥，而是互补并存。国家所有权只是形成资源利用秩序的前提，资源物权才是建立秩序的关键，其需要明确的法律规定，而无法从宪法权性质的国家所有权中推出。没有清楚区分公权与私权、公物与私产是导致国有资源与民众产生“疏离”、偏离公益本质的根源，这一状况应当改变。     

基于民法的水权问题思考

随着经济社会的不断进步和发展,对于人类赖以生存的水资源实施依法开发利用保护,在可持续发展战略中愈加体现出重要的意义和作用.特别是施行新的《水法》、《物权法》,使我国水权地位得以确立和发生变化,充分反映了现代水法的发展趋势.水权作为自然资源中的一项重要的法权,在其法理上与其他法律,特别是民法有着紧密的内在联系,在立法和实践中也亟待进一步调整和完善,以增强和提高水权的民法保护效力.     

The resource utilization of women who use violence in intimate relationships

Studies have found high rates of help seeking among domestic violence victims. However, little research has investigated the help-seeking patterns of women who use violence (many of whom are also abused). Understanding the resources utilized by women who are violent toward their partners may aid in designing interventions that will reduce the women's violence, as well as reduce the victimization they may be experiencing. This study examines the resource utilization of 108 women who used violence against a male partner (94% of whom also experienced victimization). Findings revealed that (a) almost all of the women utilized community resources in an attempt to manage the violence in their relationships; (b) victimization was related to resource utilization via self-defense motives, avoidance coping, and posttraumatic stress symptoms; and (c) greater resource utilization was related to lower levels of women's violence against their partners. Findings suggest that community resources may help prevent women's violence.     

公众共用物开发利用法律规制的困境与破解

公众共用物是人类社会得以持续发展的物质源泉和基本资源。环境资源等公众共用物可被不特定多数人非排他性使用,但自由主义导致的个人利益至上,价值观缺陷导致的狭隘利益至上,使得公众因共用引发个体私人利益与公众公共利益之间的冲突,产生公众共用物的"公用悲剧"。针对公用缺陷,经典解决方案侧重通过产权化将具有非排他性的共用物转变为具有排他性的物权客体。由于对公众共用物过度或不当产权化,因此经典解决方案偏离了最初的设想,异化为公众共用物"私用悲剧"。公众共用物公用缺陷和私用缺陷是一个硬币的两面,为统筹解决这两种问题,对公众共用物的开发利用进行规制,需要明确公众共用物的法律地位,确认其共用权利性质,更新理念并明确公众共用物开发利用的原则,明晰公众共用物产权,明确并完善公众共用物调整方式。     

论研究船舶污染事故中船员犯罪问题的意义

海洋环境污染已成为国际社会广泛关注的问题.基于海洋对于人类的重要性和海洋环境污染的严重程度,国际社会意识到要为海洋建立一种法律秩序,以便利国际交通和促进海洋的和平用途,海洋资源的公平而有效的利用,海洋生物资源的养护以及研究、保护和保全海洋环境. 这种法律秩序体系庞大,涉及到海洋开发、利用和保护的方方面面.海洋环境污染事故发生后有关行为人犯罪及刑事责任的问题,也当然被包含在这个法律秩序当中.分析研究船舶污染事故中船员犯罪问题的重要意义.     

论自然资源所有权宪法设立的缺陷

宪法关于自然资源都属国家所有,即全民所有的规定存在三大缺陷:抽象的“自然资源”因不能支配而不可能设立所有权;部分自然资源如阳光、空气等不稀缺而不需要设立所有权;国家和人民是两个不同的主体,在自然资源上设立所有权违反了一物一权原则。宪法的失误,造成了自然资源资产所有权难以实现和资源资产严重流失的被动局面。因此,需要从宪法的高度将自然资源转化为自然资源资产后,再设立所有权,其意义重大而且可行。     

论我国在遗传资源保护国际谈判中的立场和对策

遗传资源的保护和利用,特别是其获取和惠益分享等问题一直以来为国际社会和世界各国所关注.旨在探讨为了保护和持续利用遗传资源,我国在有关的国际谈判中对有关问题应采取的立场和对策.     

生物遗传资源的保护利用与惠益分享

随着地球上物种资源的不断减少和生物技术迅猛发展对生物遗传资源需求的不断增加,发达国家加紧对生物遗传资源的控制和掠夺,而我国生物遗传资源流失的情况严重,急待加强对生物遗传资源的保护、利用及惠益分享。本文分析了我国在生物遗传资源的保护、利用及惠益分享法律法规方面的不足及问题,并提出了加强生物遗传资源保护和管理的完善办法。     

生物遗传资源的保护利用与惠益分享

随着地球上物种资源的不断减少和生物技术迅猛发展对生物遗传资源需求的不断增加,发达国家加紧对生物遗传资源的控制和掠夺,而我国生物遗传资源流失的情况严重,急待加强对生物遗传资源的保护、利用及惠益分享。本文分析了我国在生物遗传资源的保护、利用及惠益分享法律法规方面的不足及问题,并提出了加强生物遗传资源保护和管理的完善办法。     

Redeploying Bayh-Dole: beyond Merely doing good to optimizing the potential in results of taxpayer-funded research

Opinions about the Bayh-Dole Act of 1980 and its implementation by US universities can depend on whether one views the Act as a series of tactics that are ends in themselves or as a policy declaration designed to protect the public against nonuse of taxpayer-funded discoveries and encourage their commercialization, utilization, and public availability. Those views appear to influence how universities and their leaders measure performance and define success, identify and allocate resources, approach transfer strategies, and negotiate terms and apportion risks relative to those terms. Those who view the Act as tactical tend to obscure the broader policy objectives which can result in substantial amounts of university research that is “never commercialized” (President’s Council of Advisors 2003), “restrained” (Schacht 2010b), and “left unused and unapplied” (Seipman in Univ Dayt Law Rev 30:209–243, 2004). Society then is deprived of the new products, services, approaches and experiences that can stimulate economic growth and advance human welfare. These and other consequences demand evaluations and assessments of university practices and behaviors and the extent to which they narrowly serve the Act’s tactics or more broadly serve its purposes of pursuing and maximizing the potential usefulness of the results of taxpayer-funded research. Too frequently, there seems to be a disconnect between federal policy and practices adopted or tolerated by universities and their leaders to implement that policy.     

The implementation of the Nagoya ABS Protocol for the research sector: experience and challenges

Over the years, researchers in public institutions and universities have accessed genetic materials from a variety of sources, freely exchanged them with fellow researchers and institutions and shared their research results with foreign and local collaborators. The 2010 Nagoya Protocol regulating access to genetic resources is set to change this scenario. This treaty requires country parties to put in place enhanced ABS measures regulating access to their genetic resources and to provide for the sharing of benefits arising from their utilization. These measures include minimum access standards, mandatory prior informed consent of indigenous and local communities, compliance with the domestic laws or requirements of the provider country and monitoring the utilization of genetic resources. This is aimed at commercial research. Non-commercial public research which contributes to the conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity is encouraged, particularly in developing countries, through simplified measures. There are undoubtedly practical challenges in operationalizing this provision without impeding research in the sector most potentially affected by ABS measures. This article presents the results of a survey of the practices of such researchers in one developing country, namely Malaysia. It examines the potential implications for the national implementation of the Protocol. Given country specificities, this study highlights and shows the importance of increasing knowledge about existing practices for an efficient design and implementation by developing countries of a complex legislation such as the Nagoya ABS Protocol.     

自然资源国家所有权双阶构造说

祛除国家所有权的法律神话,遵循解释论立场的研究范式,中国语境中的自然资源国家所有权是一个法规范系统。该系统包含基础性规范、确权性规范、授权性规范及管制性规范四个单元,分别由宪法文本、物权法文本和特别法文本予以载明。具备转介功能的引致条款把各单元串联成一个整体。在现代法秩序中,所有权绝不是由某一个部门法“独家经营”的法律概念。就所有权类型的理论反思而言,自然资源国家所有权蕴含着宪法所有权与民法所有权的双阶构造,纯粹私权说与纯粹公权说均难谓恰当。就自然资源使用的法律调整机制而言,应回归公物与私物二元区分的大陆法传统,并对“非对物采掘类”与“对物采掘类”自然资源作类型化处理,由此形成不同的规范配置。     

论作为财产权的水权

将水权客体——水资源的功能概括为生活功能、资源功能和环境功能,认为水权的财产权性质在水资源的不同功能区间中得到体现,其中水资源的生活功能对应的是作为宪法财产权的水权,水资源的资源功能对应的是作为民法财产权的水权,水资源的环境功能对应的是作为宪法财产权或共用财产权的水权。在此基础上,提出作为财产权的水权的实现机制及对我国水资源保护和利用的启示。     

The ‘Commons’ Solution to Troubled Waters

The global commons are traditionally connected to ‘those parts of the planet that fall outside national jurisdictions and to which all nations have access’ such as the high seas, outer space, and the deep seabed. However, there is a trend to expand the reach of commons beyond the traditional perception to cover the environment and natural resources that are of common interest to the well-being of the community of nations, regardless of the sovereignty status over such environment and resources. In this context, this article aims to explore the interlinkage between the concept of (global) commons and disputed marine areas from the perspective of international law, which hitherto has been little explored in literature. In particular, this article discusses the applicability of the concept of commons to disputed marine areas by examining the changing relationship between commons and sovereignty over time. Through a comparative analysis of various legal regimes associated with the well-accepted commons in international law (i.e. the high seas, outer space, the deep seabed, Antarctica) as well as the climate system and biological diversity, the article concludes that a certain space or resource, irrespective of its sovereignty status, including a disputed marine area, can be protected as commons in view of the interdependence of ecological systems. It further analyzes the added values that the concept of commons can bring in addition to the existing regulatory framework governing disputed marine areas.