法治会护佑一个民族的未来

2009年10月，中国政府与人民以各种形式庆祝中华人民共和国成立60周年。《中国法律》谨此编辑制作特刊共襄祝贺。特刊以60年60个重要案例的编年，与60年颁布的60部重要法律，展现60年中国法制与法治的具象历程。通过这两个“60”，我们可以看到共和国60年来法制与法治中的曲折，也能看到成长、进步与不懈奋斗。     

What Constitution? On Chile’s Constitutional Awakening

Law and Critique - This paper explores the political awakening of the Chilean people that began in October 2019. It puts forward an alternative reading of the people’s claim for a new...     

They are Deserting Russia

Emigration. This problem—which disappeared entirely after the October Revolution and the Civil War, when roughly two million people left Russia—is again becoming urgent for our country.     

充分发挥宪法在中国特色社会主义建设中的法制保障作用——纪念我国1982年《宪法》颁布30周年

2012年12月4日,是我国现行《宪法》颁布实施30周年的纪念日。现行宪法被公认为是新中国建立以来制定的最好的宪法,其全面规定了中国特色社会主义经济政治文化和社会建设的主要任务和基本内容,对于我们建设中国特色社会主义市场经济、社会主义民主政治、社会主义先进文化和社会主义和谐社会,具有重要的法制保障作用。     

慶祝澳門回歸祖國20周年大會暨澳門特別行政區第五屆政府就職典禮隆重舉行

慶祝澳門回歸祖國20周年大會暨澳門特別行政區第五屆政府就職典禮2019年12月20日上午在澳門東亞運動會體育館隆重舉行。中共中央總書記、國家主席、中央軍委主席習近平出席並發表重要講話。他指出,澳門回歸祖國20年來,澳門特別行政區政府和社會各界人士同心協力,開創了澳門歷史上最好的發展局面,譜寫了具有澳門特色的「一國兩制」成功實踐的華彩篇章。他希望澳門特別行政區新一屆政府和社會各界人士站高望遠、居安思危,守正創新、務實有為,在已有成就的基礎上推動澳門特別行政區各項建設事業躍上新台階。     

Editor's Introduction

The regular 22nd Congress of the CPSU held in October 1961 summarized the results of the enormous activities of the Party and the Soviet people. A grandiose plan for the building of communist society in our country was set forth in the Program adopted by the Congress and in the decisions of the Congress.     

Constitutional Changes and the Russian Philosophy of Justice

On October 7, 1977, the sixtieth anniversary of the Russian Revolution, a new constitution was unveiled. Unlike earlier constitutions which emphasized repression and exploitation, the current constitution represents the latest progressive step on the road to a complete communist state.

Although the public was involved in the revisions made in the constitution, it is believed that their input was cosmetic. The power of the Communist Party was strengthened, however; and from this one might conclude that the system of justice is also party controlled.

On paper many provisions of the Soviet right to due process are similar to those in the United States. The major difference is that these rights may be denied a citizen charged with a crime. A follow-up to the new constitution is to be the recodification of the entire Russian criminal code by 1985.     

Criminal law

The close temporal coincidence of International Human Rights Day 2010 (10 December 2010) and the tenth anniversary of the Human Rights Act 1998 (2 October 2010) stimulates some reflections on the progressive scope and influence of this domestic statute of towering importance. In addition, it seems especially appropriate to examine how Article 2 of the European Convention, which protects the individual’s right to life and is a cornerstone of this treaty, has featured in the jurisprudence of both the European Court and domestic courts. This article considers the celebrated Conjoined Twins case, together with other challenging issues which have confronted the courts – termination of pregnancy, medical prolongation of life, assisted suicide and so-called ‘mercy killing’.     

Twenty-Five Years of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child: Achievements and Challenges

Netherlands International Law Review - The 25th anniversary of the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child in November 2014 is an appropriate occasion for reviewing its record of achievements and...     

Legal obligation as a duty of deference

An enduring question in political and legal philosophy concerns whether we have a general moral obligation to follow the law. In this paper, I argue that Philip Soper’s intuitively appealing effort to give new life to the idea of legal obligation by characterising it as a duty of deference is ultimately unpersuasive. Soper claims that people who understand what a legal system is and admit that it is valuable must recognise that they would be morally inconsistent to deny that they owe deference to state norms. However, if the duty of deference stemmed from people’s decision to regard the law as valuable as Soper argues, then people who do not admit the value of the state would have no duty as such to defer to its norms. And, more importantly, people who admit the value of the state would have a duty not to defer to particular norms, namely those norms which violate the values that ground their preference for a state. This critique of Soper operates within his parameters by accepting his claim that moral consistency generates reasons to act. Even on those terms, Soper’s defence of legal obligation as a duty of deference is unpersuasive. I wish to thank John Tasioulas, Joseph Raz, Bill Edmundson, Adam Cureton, the editors and referees of Law and Philosophy, and the participants of the Society for Applied Philosophy 25th anniversary conference, July 2005, St Anne’s College, Oxford.     

Economic analysis of international environmental agreements: lessons learnt 2000–2020

International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law and Economics - On the occasion of the 20th anniversary of International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law & Economics, we...     

The Security Council in the Face of Genocide

The genocide in Rwanda will define for our generation the failureto intervene in the face of mass human rights abuses. The UNSecurity Council (the Council) was intimately involved in thisterrible event, with the decisions it took from October 1993,when a peacekeeping mission was created for Rwanda, having adecisive effect on what happened. This article details the crucialmeetings held by the Council in secret and informal sessionsand describes how a serious assessment of the situation in Rwandawas simply missing. It shows how the peacekeepers of the Council'smission to Rwanda were abandoned during the genocide and howthe efforts of these UN personnel to ease the suffering of theRwandan people were ignored by the Great Powers.     

提高执政能力的三个立足点

加强我党的执政能力建设,提高我党的执政水平,这是我党所处的历史地位和时代赋予的历史使命;要树立起新的执政理念、完善执政方式,就要立足于科学执政、民主执政、依法执政的三大基石之上;科学执政,要求执政党应在认识和把握客观规律的基础上,为人民执好政、谋好利;民主执政,要求执政党在建设民主政治的过程中,保障人民当家作主的权力;依法执政,要求执政党在遵守宪法和法律的前提下,积极执政、为民掌权。     

蓬勃发展的中国经济法学

伴随着改革开放的步伐,经过近30年的奋斗,新兴的经济法和经济法学,正处于蓬勃发展之中。蓬勃发展的中国经济法学是应运而生、与时俱进、丰富多彩、和而不同、任重道远。2008年是中国改革开放30周年,也是中国经济法、经济法学兴起和发展的30周年。中国经济法学的蓬勃发展有利于推进新兴经济法的发展,对建设社会主义法治国家有重要意义。     

Medicare program; schedule of per-beneficiary limitations on home health agency costs for cost reporting periods beginning on or after October 1, 1997--HCFA. Final rule with comment period

This final rule with comment period sets forth, in accordance with section 4602 of the Balanced Budget Act of 1997, a new schedule of limitations on home health agency costs that may be paid under the Medicare program for cost reporting periods beginning on or after October 1, 1997. These limitations are in addition to the per-visit limitations that were set forth in our January 2, 1998 notice with comment period.     

论我国海上货物运输法的统一

今年是我国《海商法》实施十周年 ,值此机会 ,作者分析了海商法实施以来的具体情况并总结了国际和国外立法中的相关经验。在分析我国海事立法现状的基础上 ,从几个不同的侧面 ,论证了我国海上货物运输法律实行双轨制给海运司法实践所带来的负面影响 ,并论述了统一我国海上货物运输法的重大意义以及解决海运立法双轨制问题的建议     

陪审制的分权机制与证据法的发展

针对我国人民陪审员制目前面临的“陪而不审”、“审而不议”之晋遍困境,本文探讨了西方国家陪审制产生和发展的过程,认识到“分权是陪审制成长的基本条件”;详细探讨了我国“陪而不审”、“审而不议”现象的主要形态,指出没有实行分权是造成这种困窘局面的根源;讨论了正在兴起的河南人民陪审圆制度的进步意义与局限性;主张我国应当建立以分权为首要特征的人民陪审员制度,为此需要立法机关制定有关陪审团如何与法官分享裁判权的制度,其中最关键的是制定证据法和陪审团法。     

Reflecting on 25 Years of Teaching Animal Law: Is it Time for an International Crime of Animal Ecocide?

2019 marked the 25th anniversary of the introduction of Animal Law to the law degree at Liverpool John Moores University. This article examines changes in the legal protection of animals during this time and the impact this will have on research and scholarship in the law relating to animals. We examine whether the overall international treatment of animals has improved and how far the approach to the Animal Law curriculum should be influenced by the growth in concerns around climate change. In this context, we examine the development of the law of ecocide and the extent to which it addresses concerns around animal welfare across the globe. We suggest that those involved in the development of Animal Law, ethics and policy might usefully engage in a new vision of ecocide, which incorporates a clearer notion of ‘animal ecocide’. This new approach would enhance the international and national focus on animals in their own right, would recognise increasing knowledge of animal sentience and would move our responsibilities to them beyond anthropocentric approaches to environmental protection. We argue that the inclusion of a more specific reference to animal ecocide would contribute to the development of Animal Law and would lead to an enhanced relationship between Animal Law and attempts to protect the environment.

     

The CPSU and the Soviets

"Popular sovereignty in our country," we read in the Theses of the Central Committee of the CPSU, Fifty Years of the Great October Socialist Revolution, "is expressed above all in the soviets — representative bodies combining the features of state and civic organizations." The guidance given the soviets by the Communist Party is a vital factor in the Soviet system. This factor reflects the fundamental qualities of the political organization of socialist society. The entire course of the country's historical development has proved irrefutably that complete disclosure of the fundamental advantages of the Soviet organization of power and their utilization in the interests of socialism would be impossible in the absence of the leading role of the Party in the soviets. The relationship between the Party and the soviets in the system of socialist democracy provides the key to understanding the mechanism of popular sovereignty and reflects a fundamentally new interaction between the political leader, the state organization, and the masses of the people that is impossible under a system of exploitation. It is no accident that the apostles of anticommunism are particularly rabid in their attacks on the position of the Party in the republic of soviets, making it their primary target in their slanderous inventions and verbal attempts to subvert the principles of socialist society.     

An Equality and Human Rights Commission Worthy of the Name

The Human Rights Act 1998 came fully into force on 2 October 2000, enabling the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) to be relied on directly in our domestic courts.¹ The Act lacked provision for a Human Rights Commission to advise and assist alleged victims in bringing proceedings for breaches of Convention rights, to research, intervene in court proceedings, and promote a culture of human rights, although such a Commission had been created for Northern Ireland. A White Paper has now been issued outlining plans for a Commission for Equality and Human Rights. This paper considers the future role and potential impact of the Commission and highlights opportunities that have been missed since October 2000 in its absence. We focus on its human rights aspects and summarize key conditions for the new Commission's success.