INDIA'S MYANMAR POLICY AND THE ‘SINO-INDIAN GREAT GAME’

Recent literature has aimed to “deconstruct” the notion of a “Sino-Indian rivalry” in Myanmar. The argument is that China's leverage in Myanmar far outweighs India's, and that the Tatmadaw nevertheless prevents either country's manipulation of Myanmar. In contrast this article argues that the idea of a “Sino-Indian Great Game” still marks the Indian debate, thinking and policy on Myanmar. China's continued rise will remain a main driver behind India's Myanmar policy, and Myanmar will remain geostrategic relevant to India.

The article describes the historical legacy of India's relationship with Myanmar, discusses the role of China in Indian Myanmar policies, and examines the effects of Myanmar's democratization process. While the Myanmar playing field has changed, Indian perceptions of a “Sino-Indian Great Game” are lasting.     

Operation Lal Dora: India's Aborted Military Intervention in Mauritius

Abstract

As India expands its strategic reach in the Indian Ocean, it will need friends that it can count on. The island state of Mauritius has long been one of India's closest allies in the region. This article discusses India's plans for a military intervention in Mauritius in 1983 to prevent a feared coup that may have threatened India's interests. A naval task force was readied, but the intervention did not proceed because of disagreements in India's leadership. Instead New Delhi facilitated a political solution to the crisis that firmly consolidated its special role. This previously undisclosed episode sheds light on India's thinking about the Indian Ocean, the alignment of India's interests with the United States, and India's military capabilities.     

Diego Garcia and the United States' Emerging Indian Ocean Strategy

Abstract

As the world's economic and strategic “center of gravity” shifts from the Euro-Atlantic area to the Asia-Pacific, the Indian Ocean is emerging as an increasingly critical trade and energy conduit. This region has long been a strategic backwater for the United States. Moreover, unlike in other critical subregions of Asia, the United States lacks significant host-nation bases and is unlikely to acquire them. The British territory of Diego Garcia, whose location and political reliability give it significant strategic utility, is thus central to US power projection in the Indian Ocean littoral region. The US military's approach to Diego Garcia reflects an implicit Indian Ocean strategy that seeks to establish a flexible and enduring presence within a critical and contested space. However, Washington needs to move toward an explicit Indian Ocean policy that views the region holistically rather than narrowly viewing separate US Pacific Command, US Central Command, and US Africa Command theaters.     

Indian Defense Policy at a Crossroads

In November 2008, the financial capital of India, Mumbai, was struck by terrorists who the Indian (as well as the American and the British) intelligence later confirmed had received extensive training from the Pakistan-based group, Lashkar-e-Taiba, or Army of the Pure. Given the sophistication of planning and execution involved, it soon became apparent that this was a commando-style operation that possibly had the involvement of a state actor. As physical evidence mounted in terms of satellite phone calls, equipments, and boats used for the attack, Pakistan's hand was seen as smeared all over the operation. Though India conceded that probably the new civilian administration of Asif Ali Zardari was not behind the attacks, the army and the ISI were seen as the main culprit (Chengappa 2008).

The public outcry after the Mumbai attacks was strong enough for the Indian government to consider using the military option vis-à-vis Pakistan. But it soon turned out that India no longer had the capability of imposing quick and effective retribution on Pakistan and that it no longer enjoyed the kind of conventional superiority vis-à-vis its regional adversary that it had enjoyed for the past five decades (Gupta 2009). This was a surprising conclusion for a nation that the international community regarded as a major global economic and military power, pursuing a defense modernization programme geared towards making arms purchases of more than US$35 billion over the next few years. Yet in many ways, it underlined fundamental weaknesses in Indian defense policy, especially its ad hoc attempts towards arms procurement and defense modernization. This article examines the trends in defense spending and arms procurement in India since the early 1990s, a period that has seen India rising in the global inter-state hierarchy. It argues that a lack of strategic orientation in Indian defense planning will make it difficult for India to effectively use its resources and this will circumscribe India's rise as a global military power. First an overview of trends in Indian defense spending is presented followed by a discussion of the drivers of the Indian defense modernization program. Subsequently, India's ties with its major defense partners—Russia, Israel, and the West—are examined. Finally, the constraints that will continue to constrain India's ability to emerge as a major global military power are examined.     

China and the Worldwide Search for Oil Security

The notion of oil security on a global scale is problematic because of the diverging perspectives with which oil-importing countries and oil-exporting countries view energy security. Oil-importing countries are interested in “oil supply” while oil-exporting countries focus on “oil demand.” This leaves ample space for major powers to maneuver within the complex political-economic dynamics associated with oil trade. China has been no exception.

This commentary addresses the international debate that has emerged concerning the geo-strategic and geo-economic motivations behind China's pursuit of offshore oil supply. By examining China's oil-related overseas investments in Sudan we shed light on some of the business and political complexities associated with the China-Sudan relationship. In the view of many Chinese observers, Sudan has in terms of oil exploration been a Chinese success story while in the view of many foreign observers, China's dealings in Sudan are the very reason why China has faced harsh international criticism of its overseas oil operations.

Instead of debating whether or not China has the right, just as all oil-importing countries do, to pursue its own route to oil security we encourage oil-importing countries to re-examine the existing mechanisms of oil trade. It is in the interest of China as well as the established economies to collaborate in shaping a new global structure for oil trade.     

Japan's Cold War Diplomacy and its Return to Southeast Asia

With Japan viewing Southeast Asia as its natural sphere of influence and a region of immense economic complementarities and potential, it was no surprise that Japan moved quickly in the post-war period to shore up and rebuild its influence in this strategically vital region as the European colonial powers departed from Southeast Asia. Using reparations, followed by aid and trade, Japan soon became a key economic and strategic state actor in Southeast Asia.

Providing a valid counterpoint to communism, Japan proved an attractive economic model that enabled it to grow its influence in the region substantially. Using deft and low-profile diplomacy Japan became an economic leader and driver of economic growth and prosperity in Southeast Asia, supplementing and supporting US Cold War regional objectives. During times of conflict, Japan worked to reduce tensions and restore order using its unique brand of Asian diplomacy, not losing sight of its long-term goal of integrating the region economically and fostering regional peace and stability.     

C. Reviews and notes: bibliographies and works of reference

FAHARIS AL‐MAKHTUTAT AL‐'ARABIYYA FI AL‐'ALAM. Compiled by KURKIS ‘AWWAD. Kuwait, Ma'had al‐Makhtūtat al‐'Arabiyya, 1984. 2 vols. 445; 448pp.

A SURVEY OF THE SCIENTIFIC MANUSCRIPTS IN THE EGYPTIAN NATIONAL LIBRARY. By DAVID A. KING. (American Research Center in Egypt: Catalogs, 5.) Winona Lake, Eisenbrauns, 1986. xiv, 331pp. (incl. illustrations on pp.221–331). US $54.50 (cloth); US $39.50 (paperback).

AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY OF ISLAMIC SCIENCE. By SEYYED HOSSEIN NASR. Tehran 1975–78, reprinted Lahore, Suhail Academy, 1985. lxiv, 432; xi, 317pp. Pak.Rs. 290 or £10.00.

INDEX OF BAHRAIN MANUSCRIPTS. By ALI ABA HUSSAIN. Translated by B.K. NARAYAN. Bahrain, Historical Documents Centre, 1986. 166pp., plates.

FIHRIS AL‐MAKHTUTUT AL‐'ARABIYYA FI MAKTABAT STRASBURGH AL‐WATANIYYA WA‐L‐JAMI'IYYA. By NAZIH KUSAYBI. (Manshūrat Ma'had al‐Makhtūtat al‐'Arabiyya.) Kuwait, al‐Munazzama al‐'Arabiyya li‐1‐Tarbiya wa‐1‐Thaqafa wa‐l‐'Ulūm, 1985. 204pp. 5 plates.

MAKHTUTAT AL‐SAYYID MUHAMMAD BAQIR AL‐TABATABA'I FI KARBALA’. By SALMAN HADI AL‐TU'MA. Kuwait (publisher as above), 1985. 287pp.

HANDLIST OF ARABIC MANUSCRIPTS (NEW SERIES) IN THE PRINCETON UNIVERSITY LIBRARY. By RUDOLF MACH and ERIC L. ORMSBY. Princeton, Princeton University Press, 1987. xiv, 402pp. £50.30.

CATALOGUE OF ISLAMIC MANUSCRIPTS (IN ARABIC, TURKISH AND PERSIAN) IN THE LIBRARIES OF TURKEY. Edited by EKMELEDD?N ?HSANOGGLU, and prepared by RAMAZAN ?E?EN, CEM??L AKPINAR and CEVAD ?ZG?. Istanbul, Research Centre for Islamic History, Art and Culture, 1984. 524pp. US $10.00.

HANDLIST OF ISLAMIC MANUSCRIPTS ACQUIRED BY THE INDIA OFFICE LIBRARY, 1938–85. Compiled by URSULA SIMS‐WILLIAMS. London, s.n., 1986. 30pp.

TOPKAPI SARAYI MÜZES? OSMANLI ARS?V? KATALOGU. FERMANLAR. I Fasikül No. E. 1–12476. Compiled by Ismail Hakki UZUNCARSILI, ?brahim Kemal BAYBURA and Ülkü ALTINDAG. (Türk Tarih Kurumu VII ser., no. 81.) Ankara, Türk Tarih Kurumu Basimevi, 1985. xii, 105pp. TL. 880.

DER OSMANISCHE STATTHALTER ISKENDER PASCHA (Gest. 1571) UND SEINE STIFTUNGEN IN ÄGYPTEN UND AM BOSPORUS [THE OTTOMAN GOVERNOR ISKENDER PA?A (d. 1571) AND HIS WAQFS IN EGYPT AND ON THE BOSPHORUS]. By GERD WINKELHANE and KLAUS SCHWARZ. (Islamwissenschaftliche Quellen und Texten aus deutschen Bibliotheken [Sources and texts for Islamic studies in German libraries], vol. 1.) Bamberg, Aku‐Verlag, 1985. vi, 361 pp., 7 illustrations.

ISLAMIC STUDIES: LITERATURE ON QURAN IN ENGLISH LANGUAGE: A BIBLIOGRAPHY. By MUHAMMAD ADIL USMANI. Karachi, Islamic Documentation and Information Centre, n.d. [c. 1985]. xii, 95pp.

TEXTUAL SOURCES FOR THE STUDY OF ISLAM. Edited and translated by ANDREW RIPPIN and JAN KNAPPERT. Manchester, Manchester University Press, 1986. xii, 209pp. Map. £25.00 hardback; £6.75 paperback.

IGNÁC GOLDZIHER: HIS LIFE AND SCHOLARSHIP AS REFLECTED IN HIS WORKS AND CORRESPONDENCE. By RÓBERT SIMON. Budapest, Library of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences; Leiden, Brill, 1986. 457pp. Plates. HFI. 180.‐

ANALYSE DER GESCHICHTSBÜCHER ZUM THEMA ISLAM. By MONIKA TWORUSCHKA. (Der Islam in den Schulbüchern der Bundesrepublik Deutschland, 1.) Braunschweig, Georg‐Eckert‐Institut für internationale Schulbuchforschung, 1986. xxi, 343pp. DM 29.‐

ANALYSE DER EVANGELISCHEN RELIGIONSBÜCHER ZUM THEMA ISLAM. By UDO TWORUSCHKA. (Der Islam in den Schulbüchem der Bundesrepublik Deutschland, 2.) Braunschweig, Georg‐Eckert‐Institut für internationale Schulbuchforschung, 1986. xix, 300pp. DM 27.‐

INDEX OF ISLAMIC LITERATURE, 1986. Leicester, Islamic Foundation, 1987. 136pp.

BULLETIN CRITIQUE DES ANNALES ISLAMOLOGIQUES. (Supplément aux Annales Islamologiques, Vol.4.) Cairo, Institut Français d'Archéologie Orientale, 1987. 208pp.

A BIBLIOGRAPHY OF DOCTORAL DISSERTATIONS ON ISLAM. By MUHAMMAD ADIL USMANI and AKHTAR H. SIDDIQUI. (Islamic Studies no. 4CE.) Karachi, Islamic Documentation and Information Centre, 1985. iv, 126pp.

AL‐ISTISHHADAT AL‐MARJI'IYYA WA‐DAWRUHA FI AL‐BAHTH: DIRASA TATBIQIYYA ‘ALA BUHÜTH AL‐ANZIMA FI MA'HAD AL‐IDARA AL‐'AMMA (1392–1402 A.H.). By NAIM HASAN AL‐SAMADI. Riyadh, Ma'had al‐Idara al‐'Amma, 1406/ 1985–6. 120pp.

A READER'S GUIDE: THE DEVELOPMENT OF BAHA'I LITERATURE IN ENGLISH. By EUNICE BRAUN. Oxford, George Ronald, 1986. 164pp. Frontispiece. £8.95.

THE FIRST ARAB BIBLIOGRAPHY: FIHRIST AL‐'ULUM. By HANS W. WELLISCH. (University of Illinois Graduate School of Library and Information Science, Occasional Papers No.175.) Urbana‐Champaign, University of Illinois, 1986. 42pp. US$ 3.

BIBLIOGRAPHIE DES OUVRAGES ARABES OU RELATIFS AUX ARABES PUBLIÉS DANS L'EUROPE CHRÉTIENNE DE 1810 A 1885. Par VICTOR CHAUVIN. Liège, 1892–1922; reprinted Paris, Institut du Monde Arabe, n.d. [1987?], with preface by Josée Balagna. 12 parts in 4 vols.

ADMINISTRATION AND DEVELOPMENT IN THE ARAB WORLD: AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY. By JAMIL E. JREISAT and ZAKI R. GHOSHEH. (Public Affairs and Administration series, 14.) New York, Garland Publishing, 1986. xxx, 259pp. US $49.00.

FIHRIS TA'RIKHI LI‐L‐MU'ALLAFAT AL‐TÜNISIYYA. By JEAN FONTAINE. Tunis, al‐Mu'assasa al‐wataniyya li‐1‐tarjama wa‐1‐tahqiq wa‐1‐dirasat (Bayt al‐hikma), 1986. 290pp. TD 6.500

AL‐BIBLIYÜGHRAFIYA AL‐WATANIYYA AL‐SURIYYA: MULHAQ, 1984. Damascus, Maktabat al‐Asad, 1987. 364pp.

JERUSALEM AND THE HOLY LAND: A PHAIDON CULTURAL GUIDE. Ed. by M. MEHLING. Oxford, Phaidon, 1987. 324pp. 284 colour ills. 9 maps. £9.95.

AJDADUNA FI THARA BAYT AL‐MAQDIS. By KAMIL JAMIL AL‐'ASALI. Amman, Al‐Majma’ al‐Malaki li‐Buhūth al‐Hadara al‐Islamiyya (Royal Academy for Islamic Civilization Research, Al Albait Foundation), 1981. 325pp. 78 illustrations. 12 plans and maps.

AL‐SIHAFA AL‐'ARABIYYA FI FILASTIN, 1876–1948. (THE ARAB PRESS IN PALESTINE.) Compiled by YUSUF Q. KHURI. Beirut & Washington, Institute for Palestine Studies, 1986. 272pp. US $10.00

AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY OF UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT DOCUMENTS PERTAINING TO THE HASHEMITE KINGDOM OF JORDAN, 1920–1983. Amman, The Royal Academy for Islamic Civilization Research (Al Albait Foundation). 1984. 211pp.

BOOKS FROM THE ARAB WORLD: A GUIDE TO SELECTION AND ACQUISITION. By KATHERINE VAN DE VATE. (Middle East Libraries Committee Research Guides, 4.) Durham, Middle East Libraries Committee, 1988. iv, 55pp. £5.25.

ADAPTATIONS OF DDC IN THE MIDDLE EAST. By MAHVASH K. MOMENI. (Occasional Papers/University of Illinois, Graduate School of Library and Information Science, 170.) Champaign, Graduate School of Library and Information Science, University of Illinois at Urbana‐Champaign, 1985. 41pp. US $3.00.

ASMA’ AL‐KUTUB. By ‘ABD AL‐LATIF B. MUHAMMAD RIYADIZADA. Edited by Muhammad al‐Tūnji. 2nd edition, Damascus, Dar al‐Fikr, 1983.398pp. US $6.00.

MODERN ARABIC LITERATURE. Compiled and edited by ROGER ALLEN. (A Library of Literary Criticism.) New York, Ungar, 1987. xxxiv, 370pp. US$75.00.

DALIL AL‐I'LAAM WA‐L‐A'LAM FI AL‐'ALAM AL‐'ARABA, 1985–1986. Edited by NAJI NU'MAN (NA'MAN). Jounieh, Dar Nu'man li‐1‐Thaqafa, 1985. 627pp. US $125.00.

?STANBUL KÜTÜPHANELER? ARAP HARFLERI SÜREL? YAYINLAR TOPLU KATALOGU 1828–1928. UNION CATALOGUE OF THE PERIODICALS IN ARABIC SCRIPT IN THE LIBRARIES OF ISTANBUL. Compiled by HASAN DUMAN. (Bibliographical Series, 3.) Istanbul, Research Centre for Islamic History, Art and Culture, 1406/1986. XXXVIII, 602pp. (24pp.‐Arabic). US $25.00

DALIL AL‐ABHATH AL‐TARIKHIYYA FI AL‐MAJALLAT AL‐SURIYYA. Compiled by MUHAMMAD MUTI’ AL‐HAFIZ and GHAZWAT BUDAYR. Damascus, Dar al‐Fikr, 1986. 224pp. 25 Syrian pounds or US $3.00.

AL‐FAHARIS AL‐TAHLILIYYA LI‐L‐TARBIYA AL‐'ARABIYYA AL‐ISLAMIYYA. Amman, Al‐Majma’ al‐Malaki li‐Buhūth al‐Hadara al‐Islamiyya, Mu'assasat Al al‐Bayt (Royal Academy for Islamic Civilization Research, Al Albait Foundation), 1985.2 vols. 228; 357pp.

HERB DRUGS AND HERBALISTS IN TURKEY. By K.H.C. BA?ER, GISHO HONDA and WATARU MIKI. (Studia Culturae Islamicae, 27.) Tokyo, Institute for the Study of Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa, 1986. 300pp., illustrations.

HERB DRUGS AND HERBALISTS IN PAKISTAN. By KHAN USMANGHANI, GISHO HONDA and WATARU MIKI. (Studia Culturae Islamicae, 28.) Tokyo, do., 1986. 285pp., illustrations.

IRAN. Compiled by REZA NAVABPOUR. (World Bibliographical Series, 81.) Oxford, Clio Press, 1988. 310pp. £39.50.

IRAN AND THE WEST: A CRITICAL BIBLIOGRAPHY. By CYRUS GHANI. London, Kegan Paul International, 1987. viii, 967pp. £65.

FIHRIST‐E MAQALAT‐E JANG‐E TAHMILI DAR MATBU'AT‐E IRAN. Compiled by MARKAZ‐E MADARIK‐E FARHANGI‐YE INQILAB‐EISLAMI. Tehran, Wizärat‐e Irshad‐e Islami, 1364 [1986]. 438pp. 500 riyals.

MARCO POLO BIBLIOGRAPHY 1477–1983. MARUKO PORO SHOSHI. Compiled by HIROSHIWATANABE. Tokyo, The Toyo Bunko, 1986. 345pp.

THE HEIR OF PARHAM: ROBERT CURZON, 14th BARON ZOUCHE. By IAN H.C. FRASER. Alburgh, Paradigm Press, 1986. xviii, 230pp. 25 illustrations, map. £19.50.

BALKAN MILITARY HISTORY: A BIBLIOGRAPHY. By JOHN E. JESSUP. New York, Garland, 1986.478pp. US$ 66.00.

MUSLIM ARCHITECTURE OF THE IBERIAN PENINSULA: EASTERN AND WESTERN SOURCES FOR HISPANO‐ISLAMIC BUILDING ARTS. By FRANÇOIS‐AUGUSTE DE MONTÊQUIN. West Cornwall (USA), Locust Hill Press, 1987. 241pp. US$30.00.

ASHMOLEAN MUSEUM, OXFORD: CATALOGUE OF ISLAMIC SEALS AND TALISMANS. By LUDVIK KALUS. Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1986. 120pp. 12 pages of illustrations. £40.00.

ARMENIAN RUGS FROM THE GREGORIAN COLLECTION: A CATALOGUE OF THE EXHIBITION ... 1986, MUSEUM OF FINE ARTS, ST PETERSBURG, FLORIDA. By ARTHUR T. GREGORIAN and JOYCE GREGORIAN HAMPSHIRE. Newton (USA), the authors, 1986. 81pp. 46 ills., map.

500 ÉV OSZMÁN‐TÖRÖK SZONYEGMUVÉSZETE. FIVE HUNDRED YEARS IN THE ART OF OTTOMAN‐TURKISH CARPETMAKING. By FERENC BATÁRI. Budapest, Museum of Applied Art, 1986. [47]pp. 84 illustrations.

RÉGI KELETI SZONYEGEK BUDAPESTI MAGÁNGYUJTEMÉNYEKBOL. ANCIENT ORIENTAL RUGS FROM PRIVATE COLLECTIONS IN BUDAPEST. By FERENC BATÁRI. Budapest, Budapest Gallery and Museum of Applied Art, 1986. [31]pp. 46 illustrations. Ft. 50.‐

THE MEED MIDDLE EAST FINANCIAL DIRECTORY 1987. London, Middle East Economic Digest, 1987. 348pp. £60.00.

ARABIAN INSURANCE GUIDE, 1987. Compiled by PAUL LANG, JOANNE GIBBONS and ELIZABETH HUTCHINS. (Fourth Edition) Wellingborough, Beacon Publications, 1987. 198pp.

MIDDLE EAST ORGANIZATIONS IN WASHINGTON, DC: OCTOBER 1986. Compiled by THE MIDDLE EAST INSTITUTE. Washington, Middle East Institute, 1986. [vi], 82pp. US$ 6.00.

ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF THE THIRD WORLD. By GEORGE THOMAS KURIAN. New York & Oxford, Facts on File, 1987. 3 vols. 2342pp. Maps. £95.00.

AL‐MISBAH: STUDENTS’ DICTIONARY, ENGLISH‐ENGLISH‐ARABIC. Compiled by NAYEF KHARMA and ANTHONY EYRE. Beirut, Libraire du Liban & Harlow, Longman, 1986. XII, 442pp. £9.00.

HARRAP'S ENGLISH‐ARABIC BASIC LEARNER'S DICTIONARY. Edited by NAGI ABBOUD. London, Harrap, 1986. 369pp. £4.50.

AL‐MUGHNI AL‐AKBAR, A DICTIONARY OF CLASSICAL AND CONTEMPORARY ENGLISH (ENGLISH‐ARABIC). By HASAN S. KARMI. Beirut, Librairie du Liban, 1987. 1710pp. Coloured and monochrome plates. £49.50

A DICTIONARY OF EGYPTIAN ARABIC: ARABIC‐ENGLISH. Compiled by MARTIN HINDS and EL‐SAID BADAWI. Beirut, Librairie du Liban, 1986. 981pp. 10 plates. £45.00.

THE ENGLISH‐ARABIC DICTIONARY OF PROFESSIONAL BUSINESS TERMS. Compiled by SABA & CO. London, Middle East Economic Digest, 1987. 210pp. £30.

COMPARATIVE BASIC VOCABULARY OF KHONJI AND LARI. By KOJI KAMIOKA, ATAOLLAH RAHBAR and ALI AKBAR. (Larestani Studies 2; Studia Culturae Islamicae 30.) Tokyo, Institute for the Study of Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa, 1986. 125pp.

PHILOLOGIA ARABICA: ARABISCHE STUDIEN EN DRUKKEN IN DE NEDER‐LANDEN IN DE 16de EN 17de EEUW. Edited by FRANCINE DE NAVE. (Publikaties van het Museum Plantin‐Moretus en het Stedeiijk Prentenkabinet, 3.) Antwerp, Museum Plantin‐Moretus, 1986. cxlix, 236pp. Plates.

GESCHICHTE UND FUNKTION EINIGER POLIT1SCHER TERMINI IM ARABISCHEN DES 19. JAHRHUNDERTS (1798–1882). By HELGA REBHAN. Wiesbaden, Harrassowitz, 1986. 205pp. DM 68.‐

COMPARATIVE VOCABULARY OF SOUTHERN ARABIC: MAHRI, GIBBALI AND SOQOTRI. By AKI'O NAKANO. (Studia Culturae Islamicae, 29.) Tokyo, Institute for the Study of Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa, 1986. 182pp.

STRUKTURELLE GRAMMATIK DES NEUPERSISCHEN (FARSI). Bd. I. PHONOLOGIE. EINE PARADIGMATISCH‐SYNTAGMATISCHE DARSTELLUNG. By MOHAMMAD‐REZA MAJIDI. (Forum Phoneticum, Bd. 34, 1.) Hamburg, Helmut Buske Verlag, 1986. 355pp. DM64.‐

THE WEST BANK HANDBOOK: A POLITICAL LEXICON. By MERON BENVENISTI, with ZIAD ABU‐ZAYED and DANNY RUBINSTEIN. Jerusalem, Jerusalem Post, 1986. 228pp. Maps.

KUTADGU B?L?G GRAMER?: F??L. By AHMET B. ERC?LASUN. (Gazi Üniversitesi Yayin 33.) Ankara, Gazi Üniversitesi Basin‐Yayin Yüksekokulu Basimevi, 1984. 196pp.     

Reviews

The Possessed and the Dispossessed: Spirits, Identity and Power in a Madagascar Migrant Town by Lesley A. Sharp.

University of California Press, Berkeley and London. 1993. xx plus 345 pp. including maps, illustrations, tables, notes, bibliography and index.

Marketing Africa's High Value Foods edited by S. Jaffee and J. Morton. World Bank, Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company, Iowa. 1995. 503 pp. including bibliography and index.

Democratisation and Demilitarisation in Lesotho: The General Election of 1993 and its Aftermath edited by Roger Southall and Tsoeu Petlane. Africa Institute of South Africa, Pretoria. 1995. xvii plus 193 pp. R60 ($30).

A Culture of Censorship: Secrecy and Intellectual Repression in South Africa by Christopher Merrett.

David Philip, Cape Town; University of Natal Press, Pietermaritzburg and Mercer University Press, Macon (Georgia). 1994. xv plus 296 pp. including notes and index. Paperback. Price R54,95.

The Eritrean Question: The Conflict Between the Right of Self‐Deter‐mination and the Interests of States by Eyassu Gayim.

Iustus Förlag AB, Uppsala (Sweden). 1993. 716 pp. including figures, tables, notes, maps, annexures bibliography and index. Paperback.

The Rwanda Crisis 1959–1994 — History of a Genocide by G. Prunier. Hurst & Co. London. 1995. xiii plus 389 pp. Paperback. Price £12.50.

Entrance into Reproductive Life: A Demographic Expression of Socio‐Economic Changes in a Senegalese Rural Area by Valérie Delaunay. Centre Français sur la Population et le Développement (CEPED), Paris. 1994. Les Etudes du CEPED No 7. xxii plus 326 pp. including figures, maps, tables, appendices and bibliography. Paperback. Price 90FF.

Verso un Nuovo Sudafrica: Dall'Apartheid allo Stato Multietnico by Chiara Robertazzi.

Milan: Francoangeli. 1995. 130 pp. Paperback.     

From the ballot box to the bookshelf: Studies of the 1994 South African general election

Election ‘94 South Africa: The Campaigns, Results and Future ProspectsM edited by Andrew Reynolds.

David Philip, Cape Town, 1994. xvii plus 237pp. including index, photographs and tables.

Launching Democracy in South Africa: The First Open Election, April 1994 edited by R.W. Johnson and Lawrence Schlemmer.

Yale University Press, New Haven, 1996. xiv plus 412pp. including index and tables.

The Election Book: Judgement and Choice in South Africa's 1994 Election by Robert Mattes.

Institute for Democracy in South Africa, Cape Town, 1995. vii plus 150pp. including tables.     

C. Reviews and notes: bibliographies and works of reference

i. ISLAMIC BOOK REVIEW INDEX. Compiled by Wolfgang H. Behn Berlin, Adiyok. Vol.2, 1983, pp.239; Vol.3, 1984, pp.234. Each DM 60.

ii. L'ORIENT DES PROVENÇAUX DMNS L'HISTOIRE. Marseille, Archives Departementales, Chambre de Commerce et d'Industrie, 1982. pp.472.

iii. TUNISIA. By Allan M. Findlay, Anne M.Findlay & R.I.Lawless. (World Bibliographical Series, 33). Oxford & Santa Barbara, Clio Press, 1982. pp.xxviii, 251, map. £28.

iv. INDEX ISLAMICUS 1976–1980. Part 1: ARTICLES, compiled by J.D.Pearson. Part 2: MONOGRAPHS, compiled by J.D.Pearson & Wolfgang BEHN London, Mansell, 1983. 2 vols. pp.xliii, 539, xii, 348. Pt.1 £45; Pt.2 £30.

v. EXPOSITION: LETTRES ET VISAGES DU LIBAN ET DE L'ORIENT, organisée par PHILIPPE DUVOLLET avec la collaboration de la Délégation Permanente du Liban auprès de l'UNESCO. Paris, AGECOOP, 1983. pp.137.

vi. DAS ARABISCHE BUCH: THE ARAB BOOK. EINE AUSSTELLUNG ARABISCHER HANDSCHRIFTEN DER CHESTER BEATTY LIBRARY, DUBLIN...AUS ANLASS DES EURO‐ARABISCHEN DIALOGES, KULTURELLES SYMPOSIUM 1983: AN EXHIBITION OF ARABIC MANUSCRIPTS FROM THE CHESTER BEATYY LIBRARY, DUBLIN...ON THE OCCASION OF THE EURO‐ARAB DIALOGUE, CULTURAL SYMPOSIUM APRIL 1983. By David James. Dublin, Chester Beatty Library, 1983. pp.34.

vii. SAUDI MEDICAL BIBLIOGRAPHY. By M.Monir Madkour and Aida J. Kudwah. Edinburgh, Churchill Livingstone, 1983. Vol.I, 1887–1980, pp.284, £35.00; Vol.II, 1981 & 1982, pp.269, £30.00.

viii. LUCHTMANS & BRILL: DRIEHONDERD JAAR UTTGEVERS EN DRUKKERS IN LEIDEN 1683–1983: CATALOGUS VAN DE TENTOONSTELLING GEHOUDEN VAN l SEPTEMBER TOT 1 OKTOBER 1983 IN BET GEMEENTE‐ARCHIEF TE LEIDEN. Leiden, Brill, 1983. pp.74. Plates & illustrations.

ix. PHILOLOGIA ORIENTALIS: A DESCRIPTION OF BOOKS ILLUSTRATING THE STUDY AND PRINTING OF ORIENTAL LANGUAGES IN EUROPE. II. SEVENTEENTH CENTURY. (Catalogue 524.) Leiden, Brill, 1983. pp.220. Facsimiles & type‐specimens.

x. ISLAMIC MOVEMENTS IN EGYPT, PAKISTAN AND IRAN: AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY. By Asaf Hussain. London, Mansell, 1983. pp.xiv, 168. £16.50.

xi. THE SUBLIME QUR'AN AND ORIENTALISM. By Mohammad Khalifa. London, Longman, 1983. pp.xviii, 262. £11.95.

xii. THE UNIVERSALITY OF ISLAM: a REFUTATION OF HOSTILE CRITICISM By ORIENTALISTS. By Nur‐Ud‐Din Muneer. London, London Mosque, 1983. pp.iv, 26.

xiii. ISLAMIC STUDIES, ORIENTALISTS AND MUSLIM SCHOLARS. By S.Abul Hasan Ali Nadwi. Translated by Mohiuddin Ahmad. Lucknow, Academy of Islamic Research and Publications, 1983. pp.11, 64. Indian Rs.6.

xiv. FAHARIS MAKHTUTAT AL‐KHIZANA AL‐HASANIYYA HASABA ARQAMI‐HA ‘ALA AL‐RUFUF (1). Tasnif MUHAMMAD AL‐MANUUNI. Rabat, al‐Matba'a al‐Malakiyya, 1403/1983. pp.23 + 315.

xv. L'ÉGYPTIEN TEL QU'ON L'ÉCRIT: GLOSSAIRE ÉTABLI D'APRES UN CHOIX D'OEUVRES LITTÉRAIRES ÉGYPTIENNES CONTEMPORAINES. Compiled by Charles Vial. (Textes Arabes et Études Islamiques, Tome XVIII) Cairo, Institut Français d'Archéologie Orientale du Caire, 1983. pp.xxiii, 382.

xvii. IMMIGRANTS, MINORITIES AND RACE RELATIONS: A BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THESES AND DISSERTATIONS PRESENTED AT BRITISH AND IRISH UNIVERSITIES 1900–1981. By Victor F. Gilbert and Darshan Singh Tatla, with an introduction by Colin Holmes. London and New York, Mansell, 1984. pp.153. £13.50.

xviii. SOCIAL STRATIFICATION IN THE MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA: A BIBLIOGRAPHIC SURVEY. By Ali Banuazizi, with the assistance of Prouchestia Goodarzi. London and New York, Mansell Publishing Ltd., 1984. xviii, pp.248. £18.00.

xix. THE YEMENS. Compiled by G.Rex Smith. (World Bibliographical Series, 50). Oxford, Clio Press, 1984. pp.161, 1 map. Price £20.75.

xx. THE ROLE OF NATIONAL LIBRARIES IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO SAUDI ARABIA. By Abdulaziz Mohamed Al‐Nahari. London & New York, Mansell, 1984. pp.166. £18.50.     

Book reviews

Transcaucasia: ancient, recent and modern

R.G. Suny, editor. Transcaucasia: Nationalism and Social Change (Essays in the history of Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia). University of Michigan in association with the Wilson Center's Kennan Institute for Advanced Russian Studies. Michigan Slavic Publications, East European Series No. 2. 1983.

Aspects of the job situation in Uzbekistan: part two

Nancy Lubin. Labour and Nationality in Central Asia: An Uneasy Compromise. London, Macmillan, in association with St Antony's College, Oxford, 1984, xxi + 305 pp, map, tables, appendices, glossary, index. Foreword by Murray Feshbach. Cloth, £25.00. ISBN 0333 36739 1.     

Book reviews

Svetlana Alexievich, Zinky Boys. Soviet Voices from a Forgotten War. London: Chatto & Windus, 1992, 197 pp., £9.99 paperback.

Artyom Borovik, The Hidden War : a Russian Journalist's Account of the Soviet War in Afghanistan. London: Faber and Faber, £14.99. 288 pp.

Gennady Bocharov. Russian Roulette. The Afghanistan War through Russian Eyes. London, Hamish Hamilton, £13.99, 187 pp.

William Fierman (Editor), Soviet Central Asia. The Failed Transformation. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 1991, xx + 328 pp.

James Critchlow. Nationalism in Uzbekistan: a Soviet Republic's Road to Sovereignty. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 1991. xviii + 231 pp., $32.95.     

B. Reviews and notes bibliographies and works of reference

INDEX ISLAMICUS 1665–1905: A BIBLIOGRAPHY OF ARTICLES ON ISLAMIC SUBJECTS IN PERIODICALS AND OTHER COLLECTIVE PUBLICATIONS. Compiled by W.H. BEHN. Millersville, Adiyok, 1989. xxx, 870pp. US$ 125.— or DM 225.— or £72.00.

CATALOGUE OF THE ARABIC MANUSCRIPTS IN THE DAIBER COLLECTION, INSTITUTE OF ORIENTAL CULTURE, UNIVERSITY OF TOKYO. By HANS DAIBER. Tokyo, Documentation Center for Asian Studies, Institute of Oriental Culture, University of Tokyo, 1988. vii, 181pp.

MIDDLE EAST AND ISLAM: A BIBLIOGRAPHICAL INTRODUCTION. SUPPLEMENT 1977–1983. Edited by PAUL AUCHTERLONIE [for the] Middle East Libraries Committee. (Bibliotheca Asiatica, 20.) Zug, IDC, 1986. vi, 244pp. SFr. 90.—.

LE MONDE ARABE: BIBLIOGRAPHIE SÉLECTIVE ET ANALYTIQUE. Établie par FAROUK MARDAM‐BEY [et al.]. (Références documentaires, No. 43.) Paris, Centre National de Documentation Pédagogique, 1987. 123pp.

LIBYA. Compiled by RICHARD I. LAWLESS. (World Bibliographical Series, 79.) Oxford, Clio Press, 1987. 243pp. Map. £32.50.

A BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE IRAN‐IRAQ BORDERLAND. By K.S. McLACHLAN and R.N. SCHOFIELD. Wisbech, MENAS Press, 1988. 383pp. £26.00.

INDIAN OCEAN. Compiled by JULIA J. GOTTHOLD with DONALD W. GOTTHOLD. (World Bibliographical Series, 85.) Oxford, Clio Press, 1988. xxix, 328pp. Map. £43.50.

AL‐MAR'A: BIBLIYUGHRAFIYYA. Compiled by FA'IQ FUDULI. Baghdad, Al‐Ittihad al‐'Amm li‐Nisa’ al‐'Iraq, 1985. 322pp. £4.00.

T.E. LAWRENCE: A BIBLIOGRAPHY. By PHILIP O'BRIEN. Winchester, St Paul's Bibliographies, 1988. 724pp. £45.00.

ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF ISLAM, New Edition, vol. V: KHE‐MAHI. Leiden, Brill, 1986. xvii, 1263pp. 59 plates. HF1. 620.—.

THE CAMBRIDGE ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF THE MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA. Executive Editor TREVOR MOSTYN. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1988. 504pp. Photographs, maps, tables. £30.00.

GESCHICHTE DER ARABISCHEN WELT. Herausgegeben von ULRICH HAARMANN. Munich, Verlag C.H. Beck, 1987. 720pp. 14 maps. DM 138.—.

THE MIDDLE EAST. Edited by MICHAEL ADAMS. (Handbooks to the Modern World.) New York & Oxford, Facts on File, 1988. xviii, 839pp. Maps. £30.00.

THE CAMBRIDGE ATLAS OF THE MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA. Edited by GERALD BLAKE, JOHN DEWDNEY and JONATHAN MITCHELL. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1987. 126pp. £45.00.

PLANOS Y MAPAS HISPANICOS DE ARGELIA: SIGLOS XVI‐XVIII/PLANS ET CARTES HISPANIQUES DE L'ALGÉRIE: XVIème‐XVIIIème SIÈCLES. VOLUMEN I: ESTUDIO, CATÁLOGO E INDICES/VOLUME I; ÉTUDE, CATALOGUE ET INDEX. By MIKEL DE EPALZA and JUAN BTA. VILAR. [Madrid,] Instituto Hispano‐Árabe de Cultura, 1988. 399, [5]pp. 497 plans and maps (24 in colour). 5,500 Ptas.

A MAGYAROK TÖRTÉNETE: TARIH‐I ÜNGÜRÜSZ; MADZSAR TARIHI. By MAHMUD TERDZSÜMAN etc. Translated with notes by JÓZSEF BLASKOVICS. Revised and introduced by ELOD VASS. Budapest, Magveto Könyvkiadó, 1982. 523pp. Ft. 35.—.

LE DEBUT DE L'IMPRIMERIE ARABE A ISTANBUL ET EN SYRIE: EVOLUTION DE L'ENVIRONNEMENT CULTUREL (1706–1787). BIDAYAT AL‐TIBA'A AL‐'ARABIYYA FI ISTANBUL WA‐BILAD AL‐SHAM: TATAWWUR AL‐MUHIT AL‐THAQAFI (1706–1787). By WAHID GDOURA (WAHID GADURA). (Publications de lTnstitut Superiéur de Documentation, 8; Manshūrat al‐Ma'had al‐A'la li‐l‐Tawthiq, 8.) Tunis, Institut Superieur de Documentation, 1985. 312, 7pp.

ORIENTAL PRESSES IN THE WORLD. By NAZIR AHMAD. Lahore, Qadiria Book Traders, 1985. 272pp., incl. 39 facsimiles. Pak.Rs. 175.—

AL‐SIHAFA AL‐ISLAMIYYA AL‐JAZA'IRIYYA MIN BIDAYATIHA ILA SANAT 1930. LA PRESSE MUSULMANE ALGÉRIENNE DE 1830 [Agrave] 1930. By ZAHIR IHADDADIN (ZAHIR IHADDADEN). Algiers, Entreprise Nationale du Livre, 1986. 53, 51pp. DA17.50.

KITAB TATQIF AL‐TA'RIF BI'L‐MUSTALAH AL‐?ARIF. By TAQI AL‐DIN ‘ABD AL‐RAHMAN IBN NAZIR AL‐GAY?. Edited by RUDOLF VESELÝ. Cairo, Institut Français d'Archéologie Orientale, 1987. vi, 249, XXVIpp. 8 plates.

WATHA'IQ AL‐KHALIJ AL‐'ARABI 1968–1971: TUMUHAT AL‐WAHDA WA‐HUMUM AL‐ISTIQLAL. Edited by RIYAD NAJIB AL‐RAYYIS (RIAD N. EL RAYYES). London, Riad El Rayyes Books, 1987. 712pp. £67.00.

PLANTS OF DHOFAR. By ANTHONY G. MILLER and MIRANDA MORRIS; illustrated by SUSANNA STUART‐SMITH. [Muscat,] Office of the Adviser for Conservation, 1988. xxvii, 361pp. Numerous illustrations, two end‐paper maps. £35.00. [Also published in Arabic as NABATAT ZUFAR.]

JESUITES AU PROCHE‐ORIENT: NOTICES BIOGRAPHIQUES. By HENRI JALABERT. Beirut, Dar el‐Machreq, 1987. 512pp.

FONDOS AFRICANOS Y ARABES: GUIA PROVISIONAL DE BIBLIOTECAS Y CENTROS DE DOCUMENTACION. Compiled by Departamento de Referenda, Servicio de Information Bibliográfica: Africa y Mundo Arabe. [Madrid,] Biblioteca Nacional, 1988. 32ff.

ARABIAN GOVERNMENT AND PUBLIC SERVICES 1988. Milton Keynes, Matrix, 1988. 255pp. English, 156pp. Arabic. £49.00.

GRADUATE AND UNDERGRADUATE PROGRAMS AND COURSES IN MIDDLE EAST STUDIES IN THE UNITED STATES, CANADA, AND ABROAD: 1987 DIRECTORY. Tucson, Middle East Studies Association of North America, 1988. 239pp.

ZAHIDAN AND SOUTHEASTERN IRAN. Edited by LUDWIG W. ADAMEC. (Historical Gazetteer of Iran, Volume 4.) Graz, Akademische Druck‐ u. Verlagsanstalt, 1988. 481pp. Maps and diagrams. ÖS. 450.—.

MU'JAM AL‐AGHLAT AL‐LUGHAWIYYA AL‐MU'ASIRA = A DICTIONARY OF COMMON MISTAKES IN MODERN WRITTEN ARABIC. By MUHAMMAD AL‐'ADNANI. Beirut, Librairie du Liban, 1984, repr. 1986. xviii, 870pp. £25.00.

THE OFFICE DICTIONARY. QAMUS AL‐MAKTAB. Compiled by MULTI‐LINGUAL INTERNATIONAL PUBLISHERS LIMITED. Oxford, Oxford University Press, [1987?]. 207 + 201pp. £10.95.

A DICTIONARY OF DATA PROCESSING AND COMPUTER TERMS (ENGLISH‐FRENCH‐ARABIC). By E.W. HADDAD. Beirut, Librairie du Liban, 1987. 421pp. £25.00.

THE COMBINED NEW PERSIAN‐ENGLISH AND ENGLISH‐PERSIAN DICTIONARY. By ABBAS and MANOOCHEHR ARYANPUR‐KASHANI. Lexington, Mazda Publishers, 1986. 273pp. (English‐Persian); 307pp. (Persian‐English). US$ 45.00 ('Library’ ed.); US$ 36.00 ('Text’ ed.).

KARS ?L? AGIZLARI, SES B?LG?S?. By AHMET B. ERC?LASUN. Ankara, Gazi Üniversitesi, 1983. 386pp.

SUFI SYMBOLISM: THE NURBAKHSH ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SUFI TERMINOLOGY (FARHANG‐E NURBAKHSH). Vol. II: LOVE, LOVER, BELOVED, ALLUSIONS AND METAPHORS. By JAVAD NURBAKHSH. London, Khaniqahi‐Nimatullahi Publications (distributed by Routledge & Kegan Paul), 1987. 193pp.

ARMENIAN ILLUMINATED GOSPEL‐BOOKS. By V. NERSESSIAN. London, The British Library, 1987. xi, 100pp. Ill., map. £14.95.

KUNST FRA ISLAMS VERDEN, 8. TIL 18. ÅRHUNDREDE. (Louisiana Revy, 27iii.) Humlebcek, Louisiana Museum, 1987. 115pp., 198 b/w plates, 76 colour plates. DKr. 60.‐.

METALWORK OF THE ISLAMIC WORLD: THE ARON COLLECTION. By JAMES W. ALLAN. London, Sotheby's, 1986. 168pp., numerous illustrations, 57 line drawings. £45.00.

ISTANBUL: A GLIMPSE INTO THE PAST. By EKMELEDD?N ?HSANOGLU. Istanbul, Research Centre for Islamic History, Art and Culture, 1987. 103pp. 43 illustrations. US$ 20.—.     

C: Reviews: short review articles

BRITAIN'S TWO WARS WITH IRAQ 1941, 1991. By Raghid El‐Solh. Reading, Ithaca Press, 1996. 289 pp. £35.00 (hb).

FIGHTING WORLD WAR THREE FROM THE MIDDLE EAST: ALLIED CONTINGENCY PLANS, 1945–1954. By Michael J. Cohen. London, Frank Cass Publishers, 1997. 349 pp. 5 maps. £37.50 (hb).

VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE IN SOUTHERN YEMEN

A YEMEN REALITY. ARCHITECTURE SCULPTURED IN MUD AND STONE. By Salma Samar Damluji. Reading, Garnet Publishing Limited. 1991. 355 pp., 677 colour plates.

THE VALLEY OF MUD BRICK ARCHITECTURE. SHIBAM, TARIM & WAADI HADRAMUT. By Salma Samar Damluji. (Ancient to Contemporary Design). Reading, Garnet Publishing Limited, 1992. xxi, 472 pp, c.500 plates and 85 line drawings.

CALLIGRAPHIC SIGNIFICANCES : CATALOGUES OF THE NASSER D. KHALILI COLLECTION OF ISLAMIC ART

THE ABBASID TRADITION: QUR'ANS OF THE 8TH TO THE 10TH CENTURIES AD. By François Déroche (The Nasser D. Khalili Collection of Islamic Art, General Editor Julian Raby, Vol. I), The Nour Foundation in Association with Azimuth Editions and Oxford University Press, 1992. 192pp.

THE MASTER SCRIBES: QUR'ANS OF THE 10TH TO 14TH CENTURIES AD. By David James (The Nasser D. Khalili Collection of Islamic Art, General Editor Julian Raby, Vol. II,) The Nour Foundation in Association with Azimuth Editions and Oxford University Press, 1992. 240pp.

AFTER TIMUR: QUR'ANS OF THE 15TH AND 16TH CENTURIES AD. By David James (The Nasser D. Khalili Collection of Islamic Art, General Editor Julian Raby, Vol. III,) The Nour Foundation in Association with Azimuth Editions and Oxford University Press, 1992. 256pp.

THE ART OF THE PEN: CALLIGRAPHY OF THE 14TH TO 20TH CENTURIES AD. By Nabil Safwat (The Nasser D. Khalili Collection of Islamic Art, General Editor Julian Raby, Vol. V,) The Nour Foundation in Association with Azimuth Editions and Oxford University Press, 1996. 248pp.

BILLS, LETTERS AND DEEDS: ARABIC PAPYRI OF THE 7TH TO THE 11TH CENTURIES AD. By Geoffrey Kuan (The Nasser D. Khalili Collection of Islamic Art, General Editor Julian Raby, Vol. VI,) The Nour Foundation in Association with Azimuth Editions and Oxford University Press, 1993. 292pp.     

A. reviews: general

WARFARE IN THE LATIN EAST, 1192–1291. By CHRISTOPHER MARSHALL. (Cambridge Studies in Medieval Life and Thought, fourth series, 17.) Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1992. xiv, 290pp. 7 figures, 9 plates.

MINORITES RELIGIEUSES DANS L'ESPAGNE MEDIEVALE [ = Revue du Monde Musulman et de la Méditerranée, 63–4]. Aix‐en‐Provence, Edisud, 1992. 292 pp. 150FF.

THE TRANSMISSION OF KNOWLEDGE IN MEDIEVAL CAIRO. By JONATHAN BERKEY. Princeton, Princeton University Press, 1992. x, 238pp. $39.50.

PRAGMATISM IN THE AGE OF JIHAD: THE PRECOLONIAL STATE OF BUNDU. By MICHAEL A. GOMEZ. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1992. xiii, 252 pp. £35.00.

THE CHURCH OF THE EAST AND THE CHURCH OF ENGLAND. A HISTORY OF THE ARCHBISHOP OF CANTERBURY'S ASSYRIAN MISSION. By J.F. COAKLEY. Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1992. £45.00.

WOMEN, ISLAM AND THE STATE. By DENIZ KANDIYOTI. London, Macmillan, 1991. 271pp. + index.

MARRIAGE ON TRIAL: A STUDY OF ISLAMIC FAMILY LAW. By ZIBA MIRHOSSEINI. (Society and Culture in Modern Middle East Series.) London, I.B. Tauris, 1993. 200 pp. + notes and index.

WOMEN IN THE MIDDLE EAST: PERCEPTIONS, REALITIES AND STRUGGLES FOR LIBERATION. Edited by HALEH AFSHAR and MARY MAYNARD. Basingstoke, Macmillan, 1993. xiv, 250pp.

WRITING WOMEN'S WORLDS: BEDOUIN STORIES. By LILA ABU‐LUGHOD. Berkeley, Los Angeles and Oxford, University of California Press, 1993. xxiii, 266 pp., bibliography. $30.00 (hb), $12.00 (pb).

NASSER'S BLESSED MOVEMENT: EGYPT'S FREE OFFICERS AND THE JULY REVOLUTION. By JOEL GORDON. Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1992. vii, 254 pp.

WAR AND PEACE IN ISRAELI POLITICS: LABOR PARTY POSITIONS ON NATIONAL SECURITY. By EFRAIM INBAR. Boulder and London, Lynne Rien‐ner, 1991. 184pp., appendices. £21.95.

TURKEY AND THE WEST: CHANGING POLITICAL AND CULTURAL IDENTITIES. Edited by METIN HEPER, AYSE ÖNCÜ and HEINZ KRAMER. London/New York, Tauris, 1993. xiv, 289 pp.

TURKEY'S NEW GEOPOLITICS: FROM THE BALKANS TO WESTERN CHINA. By GRAHAM E. FULLER and IAN O. LESSER, with PAUL B. HENZE and J.F. BROWN. Boulder and Oxford, Westview Press, 1993. xv, 197pp.

THE SOCIALIST MOVEMENT IN TURKEY, 1960–1980. By IGOR P. LIPOVSKY. Leiden, Brill, 1992. ix, 190pp. $48.75.

ISLAM IN MODERN TURKEY: RELIGION, POLITICS AND LITERATURE IN A SECULAR STATE. Edited by RICHARD TAPPER. London/New York: Tauris, 1991. v, 314 pp.

SIBAWAYH THE PHONOLOGIST: A CRITICAL STUDY OF THE PHONETIC AND PHONOLOGICAL THEORY OF SIBAWAYH AS PRESENTED IN HIS TREATISE AL‐KITAB. By A.A. AL‐NASSIR. London and New York, Kegan Paul International, 1993. xx, 130 pp.

AL‐MADKHAL ILā TAQWīM AL‐LISāN WA‐TA'LīM AL‐BAYāN. By IBN HISHāM AL‐LAKHMī. Edited by JOSÉ PÉREZ LÁZARO. (Fuentes Arábico‐Hispanas, no. 6.) Madrid, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas & Insti‐tuto de Cooperatión con el Mundo Árabe, 1990. 2 vols. 219; 599pp.     

Reviews

Terrorism in Mozambique by Alex Vines. Centre for Southern African Studies, University of York, in association with James Currey, London, 1991. xiv plus 176pp. including maps, figures, tables, appendices, bibliography and index. R47.25. Paperback.

Kwame Nkrumah, the Conakry Years: His Life and Letters compiled by June Milne. Panaf, an imprint of Zed Press Ltd., London, 1990. x plus 422pp. including notes, bibliography and index.

Towards Economic Recovery in Sub‐Saharan Africa: Essays in Honour of Robert Gardiner edited by James Pickett and Hans Singer. Routledge, London, 1990. xv plus 273pp. including tables, notes, bibliography and index. £35.00. Hardback.

Chronicles of Darkness by David Ward. Routledge, London and New York, 1989. xii plus 191pp. including notes and index. £30. Hardback.

Towards Justice? Crime and State Control in South Africa edited by Desiree Hansson and Dirk van Zyl Smit. Oxford University Press, Cape Town, 1990. iv and 278pp. R34.95. Paperback.

The Politics of Reconciliation: Zimbabwe's First Decade by Victor de Waal. David Philip Publishers (Pty) Ltd., Cape Town, 1990. xiv plus 146pp. including prologue, acknowledgements, list of acronyms, endnotes and index of names. R39.95. Paperback.

Civil Service Pay in Africa by Derek Robinson. International Labour Office, Geneva, 1990. xi plus 220pp. including 58 tables. Paperback.

No Place to Rest: Forced Removals and the Law in South Africa edited by Christina Murray and Catherine O'Reagan. Oxford University Press, Cape Town, pp. 248. R24.95. Paperback.

People and Violence in South Africa edited by B. McKendrick and W. Hoffman. Oxford University Press, 1990. 495 pp. R49.95. Paperback.

The Elusive Search for Peace ‐ South Africa, Israel, Northern Ireland edited by H. Giliomee and J. Gagiano. Oxford University Press, 1990. viii plus 328 pp. R29.95. Paperback.

Southern Africa at the Crossroads. Prospects for the Political Economy of the Region edited by Anthoni van Nieuwkerk and Gary van Staden. South African Institute of International Affairs, Johannesburg, 1991.267 pp. including tables, notes and bibliographies. Paperback.

South Africa's Informal Economy edited by Eleanor Preston‐Whyte and Christian Rogerson. Contemporary South African Debates, Oxford University Press, Cape Town, 1991. vi plus 410pp. including 25 chapters with editors’ introductions, figures, tables, photographs, index. Each chapter has its own bibliography and notes. R43.95. Paperback.

Protecting Human Rights in a New South Africa by Albie Sachs. Oxford University Press, Cape Town, 1990. viii plus 208pp. including appendices and index. R21.95. Paperback.

The Igbos of Nigeria by John E. Eberegbulam Njoku. African Studies, (Vol. 14, 1990), The Edwin Mellen Press, New York. $69.95. Hardback.

La France et l'Afrique du Sud: Histoire, Mythes et Enjeux Contemporains edited by Daniel C. Bach. Karthala, Paris, 1990.432pp. Paperback.     

Book reviews

National Movements and National Identity Among the Crimean Tatars (1905–16) Hakan Kirimli Leiden: EJ. Brill, 1996, 242 pp, illus., bibliog., index

Crimean Tatars: Repatriation and Conflict Prevention New York: Open Society Institute, 1996, 95 pp

Between the Slogans of Communism and the Laws of Islam Marfua Tokhtakhodjaeva Lahore: Shirkat Gah, 1995, x, 268 pp, paperback

Household Welfare in Central Asia Jane Falkingham, Jeni Klugman, Sheila Marnie and John Micklewright (editors) Basingstoke: Macmillan Press, 1997, xii, 253 pp, hardcover

The Wars of Eduard Shevarnadze Carolyn McGiffert Ekedahl and Melvin A. Goodman University Park, Pennsylvania: Penn State Press, 1997

Dictionary of Afghan Wars, Revolutions and Insurgencies Ludwig W. Adamec Lanham, MD, USA and London: The Scarecrow Press, 1996, 384 pp, maps, illus, chronology, bibliog. $48, hardback

Domestic Culture in the Middle East Jennifer Scarce National Museums of Scotland: Edinburgh and Curzon Press, Richmond, UK 1996, £12.99

Imageries Populaires en Islam Pierre Centlivres and Micheline Centlivres‐Demont Geneva, Switzerland: Georg Editeur, 1997, 106 pp, illus. FfS39

Colour and Symbolism in Islamic Architecture: Eight Centuries of the Tile‐Maker's Art Photographs by Roland and Sabrina Michaud. Text by Michael Barry London: Thames & Hudson, 1996, 315 pp, illus, map, indices, glossary, £48 hardback

Traditional Textiles of Central Asia Janet Harvey London: Thames & Hudson, 1996, 160 pp, biblio, £35

The Carpets of Afghanistan R. D. Parsons Woodbridge, Suffolk: The Antique Collectors Club, 1994, 192 pp, £29.95

The Iranian Constitutional Revolution, 1906–1911: Grassroots Democracy, Social Democracy and the Origins of Feminism Janet Afary New York: Columbia University Press, 1996, xxi + 448 pp., bibliography, glossary, index

Kochevaia tsivilizatsiia kazakhov: osnovy zhiznedeiatel'nosti nomadnogo obshchestva Nurbulat Masanov Almaty: Sotsivest, 1995     

Book reviews

In a Collapsing Empire: Underdevelopment, Ethnic Conflicts and Nationalisms in the Soviet Union. Marco Buttino (editor). Milano: Fondazione Giangiacomo Fentrinelli, 1993, 375 pp, Lire80,000.

The Turkic Peoples of the World. Margaret Bainbridge (editor). London: Kegan Paul International, 1993, 403 pp, £65.

Where Two Worlds Met. The Russian State and the Kalmyk Nomads, 1600–1771. Michael Khodarkovsky. Cornell University Press, 1992, 278 pp, illus, index.

Please Don't Call it Soviet Georgia. Mary Russell. London: Serpent's Tail, 1991, viii, 268 pp, £9.99.

Georgia: a Rebel in the Caucasus. Peter Nasmyth. London, Cassell, 1992, 222 pp, £16.99.

Looking Toward Ararat: Armenia in Modern History. Ronald Grigor Suny. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 1993, xiii, 289 pp, $17.95.

Muslim‐Christian Encounters. William Montgomery Watt. Routledge, 1991, 164 pp, index.

The Great Game: On Secret Service in High Asia. Peter Hopkirk. London: John Murray, 1990, xiv, 562 pp, illus, £19.95.

The Great Game: The Struggle for Empire in Central Asia. Peter Hopkirk. New York: Kodansha, 1992, xxiv, 564 pp, illus, $30.00.

Francis Younghusband and the Great Game. Anthony Verrier. London: Jonathan Cape, 1991, xviii, 238 pp, illus, £18.00.     

B: Reviews: general

MIDDLE EAST STUDIES IN DENMARK. Edited by LARS ERSLEV ANDERSEN. Odense, Odense University Press, 1994. 215pp. DKK 200.

APPROACHES TO THE HISTORY OF THE MIDDLE EAST: INTERVIEWS WITH LEADING MIDDLE EAST HISTORIANS. By NANCY ELIZABETH GALLAGHER. Reading, Garnet Publishing, 1994. viii, 197pp.

A HISTORY OF THE MODERN MIDDLE EAST. By WILLIAM L. CLEVELAND. Boulder and Oxford, Westview Press, 1994. 503pp. Tables, maps, photographs, glossary, select bibliography.

MUHAMMAD AND THE ORIGINS OF ISLAM. By F.E. PETERS. Albany, State University of New York Press, 1994. 334pp.

A READER ON CLASSICAL ISLAM. By F.E. PETERS. Princeton, NJ, Princeton University Press, 1994. 420pp.

BEFORE REVELATION: THE BOUNDARIES OF MUSLIM MORAL THOUGHT. By A. KEVIN REINHART. (SUNY Series in Middle Eastern Studies.) Albany, State University of New York Press, 1995. 255pp.

THE DIVINE GUIDE IN EARLY SH'ISM: THE SOURCES OF ESOTERICISM. By MOHAMMAD ALI AMIR‐MOEZZI. Translated by DAVID STREIGHT. Albany, SUNY Press, 1994. 279pp.

IMAGINAL WORLDS: IBN AL‐'ARABI AND THE PROBLEM OF RELIGIOUS DIVERSITY. By WILLIAM C. CHITTICK. Albany, SUNY Press, 1994. vii, 208pp. $18.95 (pb.).

RETHINKING ISLAM: COMMON QUESTION, UNCOMMON ANSWERS. By MOHAMMED ARKOUN. Translated and edited by ROBERT D. LEE. Oxford, Westview Press, 1994. 139pp.

A YOUNG MUSLIM'S GUIDE TO THE MODERN WORLD. By SEYYED HOSSEIN NASR. Cambridge, Islamic Texts Society, 1993. 270pp.

PIOUS PASSENGERS. THE HAJJ IN EARLIER TIMES. By M.N. PEARSON. London, Hurst, 1994. viii, 217 pp. Illustrated.

PILGRIMS AND SULTANS: THE HAJJ UNDER THE OTTOMANS. By SURAIYA FAROQHI. London, I.B. Tauris, 1994. xii, 244pp. 1 map.

DEMOCRACY WITHOUT DEMOCRATS? THE RENEWAL OF POLITICS IN THE MUSLIM WORLD. Edited by GHASSAN SALAMÉ. London and New York, I. B. Taurus, 1994. 340pp., figures and tables. £45.

THE PROPHET'S PULPIT: ISLAMIC PREACHING IN CONTEMPORARY EGYPT. By PATRICK D. GAFFNEY. University of California Press, 1994. 367pp. Map, bibliographic references and index.

THE WOMEN'S AWAKENING IN EGYPT: CULTURE, SOCIETY, AND THE PRESS. By BETH BARON. New Haven and London, Yale University Press, 1994. 259pp. £20.

THE UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS, URB ANA‐CHAMPAIGN

LE DESERT ET LA GLOIRE: LES MEMOIRES D'UN AGENT SYRIEN DE NAPOLEON. By FATHALLAH SAYIGH. Translated and edited by JOSEPH CHELHOD. Paris, Gallimard, 1991. 304pp.

AMERICAN CONSULS IN THE HOLY LAND: 1832–1914. By RUTH KARK. Jerusalem, Magnes Press & Hebrew University; Detroit, Wayne State University Press, 1994. 388pp. 28 plates.

PALESTINE IN TRANSFORMATION, 1856–1882: STUDIES IN SOCIAL, ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL DEVELOPMENT. By ALEXANDER SCHÖLCH. Translated by WILLIAM C. YOUNG and MICHAEL C. GERRITY. Washington, D.C., Institute for Palestine Studies, 1993. xii, 351pp. 8 maps, 44 tables. $29.95.

AN OCCASION FOR WAR: CIVIL CONFLICT IN LEBANON AND DAMASCUS IN 1860. By LEILA TARAZI FAWAZ. London, Centre for Lebanese Studies and I.B. Tauris, 1994. 302pp.

THE ROOTS OF SEPARATISM IN PALESTINE: BRITISH ECONOMIC POLICY 1920–1929. By BARBARA J. SMITH. London, I.B. Tauris, 1993. 258pp. £39.50.

SYRIA'S QUEST FOR INDEPENDENCE, 1939–1945. By SALMA MARDAM BEY. Reading, Ithaca Press, 1994. 288pp.

STAAT UND GESELLSCHAFT IN SYRIEN, 1970–1989. By VOLKER PERTHES. (Schriften des Deutschen Orient‐Institut.) Hamburg, Deutsches Orient‐Institut, 1990. 340pp. DM 39.‐

ÖFFENTLICHE UND PRIVATE LANDWIRTSCHAFT IN SYRIEN. EINE WIRTSCHAFTS‐ UND SOZIALGEOGRAPHISCHE UNTERSUCHUNG IM NORDWESTEN UND NORDOSTEN DES LANDES. By HANS HOPFINGER. (Erlanger Geographische Arbeiten, Sonderband 19.). Erlangen, Frankische Geographische Gesellschaft, 1991. 348pp, 24 illustrations, 77 tables, 13 photographs, 5 coloured maps.

LA GUERRE DU LIBAN: DE LA DISSENSION NATIONALE AU CONFLIT REGIONAL, 1975–1982. By SAMIR KASSIR. Paris, Karthala, 1994. 510pp.

A HISTORY OF THE DRUZES. By KAIS M. FIRRO. (Handbuch der Orientalistik, Ergänszungsband 9.) Leiden, Brill, 1992. 396pp. 9 maps.

VILLAGE, STEPPE AND STATE: THE SOCIAL ORIGINS OF MODERN JORDAN. Edited by EUGENE L. ROGAN and TARIQ TELL. London and New York, British Academic Press, 1994. xxviii, 226pp.

JORDAN'S INTER‐ARAB RELATIONS: THE POLITICAL ECONOMY OF ALLIANCE MAKING. By LAURIE A. BRAND. New York, Columbia University Press, 1995. x, 350pp.

THE PALESTINIANS IN ISRAEL: IS ISRAEL THE STATE OF ALL ITS CITIZENS AND ‘ABSENTEES'? Translated and edited by NUR MASALHA. Haifa, Galilee Center for Social Research, 1993. $12 (pb).

FASTING AND FEASTING IN MOROCCO: WOMEN'S PARTICIPATION IN RAMADAN. By MARJO BUITELAAR. (Mediterranea Series.) Oxford and Providence, Berg Publishers, 1993. 203pp. 9 photographs, 15 illustrations, glossary.

IMPERIAL IDENTITIES: STEREOTYPING, PREJUDICE AND RACE IN COLONIAL ALGERIA. By PATRICIA M. LORCIN. (Society and Culture in the Modern Middle East.) London, I.B. Tauris, 1995. x, 323pp. 1 map.

THE MAKING OF SAUDI ARABIA 1916–1936: FROM CHIEFTAINCY TO MONARCHICAL STATE. By JOSEPH KOSTINER. (Studies in Middle Eastern History.) New York and Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1993. xii, 260pp. Maps. £35.00

OIL, POWER AND PRINCIPLE: IRAN'S OIL NATIONALIZATION AND ITS AFTERMATH. By MOSTAFA ELM. New York, Syracuse University Press, 1994. xvii, 413pp. Map, tables (pb).

AN OTTOMAN STATESMAN IN WAR & PEACE: AHMED RESMI EFENDI, 1700–1783. By VIRGINIA H. AKSAN. (The Ottoman Empire & its Heritage, 3.) Leiden, Brill, 1995. xviii, 253pp. Illustration, maps, glossary of place names, terms and phrases, bibliography, index.

TURKEY: A MODERN HISTORY. By ERIK J. ZÜRCHER. London, I.B. Tauris, 1993. 381pp., maps, biographical notes.

THE SEED AND THE SOIL: GENDER AND COSMOLOGY IN TURKISH VILLAGE SOCIETY. By CAROL DELANEY. (Comparative Studies on Muslim Societies, 11.) Berkeley, University of California Press, 1991. xiii, 360pp. Illustrations. Photographs. Index.

INDIA AND THE MIDDLE EAST. By PRITHVI RAM MUDIAM. London, British Academic Press, 1994. ix, 232pp. £39.50.

ARAB WOMEN. Edited by JUDITH E. TUCKER. (Indiana Series in Arab and Islamic Studies.) Bloomington and Indianapolis, Indiana University Press, 1993. 256pp., index.

WOMEN, ISLAM AND THE STATE. By DENIZ KANDIYOTI. London, Macmillan, 1991. 271 pp., index.

VISITING ARAB COUNTRIES OF THE MIDDLE EAST: A PERSONAL GUIDE FOR WOMEN. By PENELOPE TURING. Glasgow, Centre for Management Training and Development in the Middle East, n.d. [1994]. 26pp.

MEDIEVAL AGRICULTURE AND ISLAMIC SCIENCE: THE ALMANAC OF A YEMENI SULTAN. By DANIEL MARTIN VARISCO. (Publications on the Near East, No. 6.) Seattle & London, University of Washington Press, 1994. xv, 349pp. 2 maps.

REORIENTATIONS: ARABIC AND PERSIAN POETRY. Edited by SUZANNE PINCKNEY STETKEVYCH. Bloomington and Indianapolis, Indiana University Press, 1994. x, 269pp. £25.

THE ARABIAN NIGHTS: A COMPANION. By ROBERT IRWIN. London: Allen Lane, The Penguin Press. 1994. 344pp. £20.

NAGIB MAHFOUZ: THE PURSUIT OF MEANING. By RASHEED EL‐ENANY. London and New York, Routledge, 1993. xv, 271pp. £12.99 (pb).

ARAB COMIC STRIPS: POLITICS OF AN EMERGING MASS CULTURE. By ALLEN DOUGLAS and FEDWA MALTI‐DOUGLAS. Bloomington & Indianapolis, Indiana University Press, 1994. xiii, 263pp.

ISLAMIC SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING. By DONALD R. HILL. (Islamic Surveys.) Edinburgh, Edinburgh University Press, 1994. 250pp. 78 illustrations. £16.95 (pb), £39.95 (hb).

CAUGHT IN TIME: GREAT PHOTOGRAPHIC ARCHIVES. KHIVA. BUKHARA. SAMARKAND. Series editor: VITALY NAUMKIN. Reading, Garnet Publishing, 1993. 127pp. (Khiva); 159pp. (Bukhara); 159pp. (Samarkand).

THE CORAL BUILDINGS OF SUAKIN: ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE, PLANNING, DESIGN AND DOMESTIC ARRANGEMENTS IN A RED SEA PORT. By J.‐P. GREENLAW. London and New York, Kegan Paul International, 1995.132pp.     

Book reviews

Daniel Pipes, Greater Syria: the History of an Ambition. New York: Oxford University Press, 1990, viii, 240 pp.

Roger Zetter (Ed.), The Odyssey of the Pontic Greeks. Oxford University Press/Refugee Studies Programme, Oxford, 1991, 111 pp., Illus. Maps.

Nikki R. Keddie and Beth Baron (Eds), Women in Middle Eastern History. Shifting Boundaries in Sex and Gender. Yale University Press, New Haven and London, 1991, 343 pp., $35/£19.95.

John L. Esposito, Islam: the Straight Path. Oxford University Press, New York, 1991, xvi + 251 pp., $21.95.

Joyce N. Wiley, The Islamic Movement of Iraqi Shias. Lynne Rienner Publishers, Boulder and London 1922. ix + 193 pp., N.P.

Joel Gordon, Nasser's Blessed Movement: Egypt's Free Officers and the July Revolution, Oxford University Press: New York and Oxford, 1992, vii + 254.

Jo‐Ann Gross (Ed.), Muslims in Central Asia: Expressions of Identity and Change, Duke University Press: Durham, 1992, xiv, 224 pp, $39.95, PB $18.95.

Louise L'Estrange Fawcett, Iran and the Cold War: the Azerbaijan Crisis of 1946, Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, 1922, XII, 227 pp., $34.95.

Mark J. Gasiorowski, U.S. Foreign Policy and the Shah: Building a Client State in Iran, Cornell University Press: Ithaca, N.Y 1992, xvi, 242 pp. $35.00.

Robert A. Lewis (Ed.), Geographic Perspectives on Soviet Central Asia, Routledge: London, 1992, XVIII, 323 pp., $69.50 U.S., $87.50 Canada.