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1.
Any suggestion that 2006 has been a quiet year in the internationaltrust world is likely to be quickly denied. Of course, the worldof international trusts never stops changing. A popular conferencetopic is Challenges of the trust today or a similartitle which calls upon the speaker to present his views on whatis happening preferably with some crystal ball gazing of impendinglegislation. The source of change offers ample opportunity for discourse.First, case law produces its finely ground decisions to resolveindividual disputes laying down jurisprudence for future settlorsand their advisers to follow. Sometimes it is favourable. Therecent re-adoption and expansion of the Hastings-Bass principle(Re Hastings-Bass (Decd), Hastings v IRC [1974] 2 AllER 193), whereby trustees may make good an oversight, has beenfavourable to trustees, provided (naturally) liberties werenot taken with the rules. 相似文献
2.
Since the Nuremberg and Tokyo Trials, scant attention has beendevoted to military tribunals. Only with the creation of theICTY and the ICTR has civil society started reconsidering thequestion of which fora might be better suited for trying individualsresponsible for war crimes and other gross human rights violations.The aim of this paper is to illustrate the Swiss military judicialsystem. It analyses, on the one hand, the judicial guaranteesprovided for in the Swiss Military Penal Code and the Code ofMilitary Penal Procedure. On the other hand, it discusses thejudicial guarantees afforded in the only two war-crimes trialsheld by the Swiss military justice the G case and theNiyonteze case which involved civilians with foreignnationality. Finally, the paper argues against the abolitionof military judicial systems. 相似文献
3.
Although a lot of research has been conducted on the delinquency of boys who are members of gangs, only a few quantitative
studies have analysed the involvement of girl gang members in delinquency and its link with victimisation. In this study,
the prevalence rates of girls who are members of gangs in Italy and in Switzerland are shown. We compared the Italian data
(N = 5.784) and Swiss data (N = 3.459) from the second wave of the International Self-Reported Delinquency Study (ISRD-2);
the population used for this comparison was made up of teenagers from the ages of 13 to 16. Members of deviant youth groups
accounted for 5.7% of the Italian sample and 4.7% of the Swiss sample; in both countries, about a third of gang members were
girls. In general, girls who are members of gangs commit more delinquent acts than both girls and boys who are not members
of gangs. Girl gang members are also more often victimised than girls and boys who are not members of a deviant youth group. 相似文献
4.
Robert J. Kelly 《Trends in Organized Crime》1999,5(2):85-122
Summary The 1967 Task Force Report on Organized Crime (TFR) found that “...all available data indicate that organized crime flourishes
only where it has corrupted public officials.” 48 From that standpoint, neutralizing local law enforcement would appear to
be central to criminal operations. That conclusion would depend on (a) how one defines “organized crime” and (b) the assumption
that organized crime described by the Task Force covers all cases and species of it including what is referred to as “non-traditional”
organized crime. A conclusion that seems unchallengeable in the Report is the observation that it was impossible to determine
“the extent of the corruption of public officials in the United States.” The lack of information on this question was aggravated
by the fact that many of those who provided information to the Task Force were themselves public officials. 相似文献
5.
This article first explores whether Italy is under an obligationto implement the Rome Statute that it ratified in 1999. It thenidentifies the general sets of inconsistencies between Italianlegislation and the Rome Statute and analyses whether and towhat extent the former needs to be amended or integrated inorder to implement the substantive provisions of the latter,in particular in relation to the definition of crimes, generalprinciples of criminal responsibility, defences and other barsto prosecution. Finally, the exercise of jurisdiction by Italiancourts over crimes in the Rome Statute is discussed in the lightof the principle of complementarity on which the jurisdictionof the International Criminal Court is based. Mere dreams,mere dreams! W.B. Yeats,Meditations in Time of Civil War, I (1928) 相似文献
6.
黄松有 《Frontiers of Law in China》2008,3(2):149-164
The judgment enforcement in a legal framework is concerned with many principles that underlie and enrich macro-theory. The
current theory has made progress in it, but few is related to the specific structure of the regime. This article analyzes
the present problems of enforcing court’s judgment in China. In accordance with relevant theories and by reference to experiences
of other countries and areas, it treats with the problems concerning enforcement body, enforcement jurisdiction, the term
of enforcement application, enforcement notice, property investigation of the forced measures, enforcement assistance, enforcement
termination, enforcement remedies, enforcement deterrence and so on, which are calling on to improve the enforcement framework.
__________
Translated from Xiandai Faxue 现代法学 (Modern Law Science), 2007, 29 (2): 105–111 相似文献
7.
Some words occur to us in pairs, often to the extent that wefind it difficult to hear the one without recalling the other.Thus Romeo suggests Juliet; Anthonyinvokes Cleopatra; Héloïsefollows Abélard and so on. Many furtherexamples exist, particularly in the case of lovers. In intellectual property circles the concepts of authorand royalties are also closely linkedbuttheir relationship is strained. While the author's love forroyalties is sincere and undiminished 相似文献
8.
Kim Stevenson 《Liverpool Law Review》2007,28(3):405-423
This article examines the realities of rape and sexual offences and their treatment through the legal process by use of media
reportage, Victorian and modern; using this to contextualise and so to challenge the official record. The starting point is
an identification of what constitutes ‹best’ evidence for an exploration of rape and sexual offences – evidence that permits
better insights into the impact of such offences on the individuals involved, as well as into the factors governing the ability
of the criminal justice process to promote the conviction rate in rape cases. By using a comparative historical perspective,
and using media presentations (especially newspaper reportage) this article shows the enduring nature of stereotypes which
govern the decisions reached by legal personnel and by jurors – stereotypes which have, since the Victorian period, remained
profoundly gendered in ways that are unhelpful to the ‹victims’. 相似文献
9.
Legal context and Key Points: This article systematically examines innocent infringement—highlightsits non-uniform nature and summarizes defence it offers as toliability and/or remedies across a range of national UK andIrish IP rights—particularly copyright and design. It considers innocent infringement in contextof community unregistered design right (directly applicablein all EC member states under EC Reg 6/2002) and assesses ifit affords defence to liability or financial remedies—suggestsanswer depends on meaning and effect of Article 19 (2), Article89 (Reg 6/2002) and consideration of; the harmonizing effectof the Enforcement Directive (2004/48/EC); the ensuing respectiveUK and Irish IP Enforcement Regulations 2006; the UK's CommunityDesign Regulations.2005. It concludes: limited scope of Reg 6/2002 indicates innocentinfringement affords neither defence to liability nora limited defence to damages, but contrasts the role of discretionaryremedy of account of profits, and nevertheless predicts UK andIrish Design Courts may seek to justify innocent infringementoffers limited defence to damages. Practical significance: Given that the community unregistered design right, applicableEC wide, is useful and of interest in many commercial fields(eg fashion, furnishings, etc.), which require short-term protectionagainst copying by over enthusiastic competitors, understandingthe status and effect of innocent infringementon liability and financial remedies is important. 相似文献
10.
Charles Woolfson 《Critical Criminology》2006,14(4):339-364
This article begins by presenting a brief overview of the neglected area of “safety crime” in the post-communist states of Central and Eastern Europe. Quantitative and qualitative evidence is reviewed, suggesting both the widespread nature of safety crimes, and a deteriorating work environment, in which safety crimes are routinely tolerated. Evidence of the “institutionalized tolerance of non-compliance” is provided through a case study of labor inspection in the new member states, focusing on Latvia, currently the worst performer in health and safety in Europe. Against a background of general violations of labor rights, current innovations in European-level regulatory strategies are critiqued, in particular, the shift towards “soft law” and compliance-based strategies, relying on appeals to corporate social responsibility, together with the encouragement of various forms of voluntary initiatives. It is suggested that such (self)-regulatory strategies may be inappropriate as forms of crime control in the new member states of the European Union. In effect, a convergence domestic and European Union policies may open the door to the further “conventionalization” of safety crimes in the new member states.This article is based on a paper first presented to a seminar, “Regulating Corporate Crime and White-Collar Crime: Developments across Europe”, Finnish Police College, Helsinki, 3–4 September, 2004. Financial support for the research was provided by a European Commission Marie Curie chair award (no: 509727). The author would like to thank Kit Carson and Steve Tombs, as well as the participants in the Helsinki seminar for their helpful comments. Any errors remain those of the author alone. 相似文献
11.
Preeti Nijhar 《Liverpool Law Review》2006,27(3):337-360
This article seeks to identify how, and in what ways, the debate over ethnic identity acquired saliency during the different
phases of black settlement in England, especially against the backcloth of the socio-cultural processes and the economics
of colonialism. It outlines how the ‘other’ was constituted in different discourses, policies, and practices, and how these
constructions were appropriated by the criminal justice agencies. Critically, ethnic identity as subordinate and ‘inferior’
was produced by many of the same mechanisms as was developed with regard to the indigenous ‘criminal’ class in Victorian England.
Societal reaction, through criminal and civil statutes, established the identity of the ethnic minorities of early nineteenth
century England, not just as subordinate strata, but also by a more complex process, as a variant of the newly emergent ‘criminal’
class. It is argued that, caught in the hub of empire, the ‘ayahs’, the ‘lascars’ and the domestic servants (See R. Visram,
The Ayahs, Lascars and The Princes (London: Pluto).) in England’s ports found themselves reconstructed as part of the ‘criminal’ class and subsequently subjected
to disciplinary measures of social control and surveillance. The author argues with regard to the indigenous population, conceptions
of the threat of the non-Western crystallised around the same popular images of ‘savagery’ and of moral degeneracy, a process
reinforced in imperial fiction. A desire to ‘civilise’ and improve the peculiar habits of the non-Western followed directly
from indigenous precedent. 相似文献
12.
The importance of “spillovers” in the policy mission of the advanced technology program 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Adam B. Jaffe 《The Journal of Technology Transfer》1998,23(2):11-19
Government policies like the Advanced Technology Program (“ATP”) are intended, at least in part, to remedy the “market failure”
inherent in the fact that a significant portion of the social benefits of new knowledge and technology are not captured by
a firm that invests in R&D. ATP’s project selection, and its evaluation of the impact of its program, can be made more effective
by explicitly incorporating the analysis of such “spillovers.” For project selection, this means identifying technological,
organizational and economic factors that tend to oint to a large “spillover gap,” or deviation between the social and private
rates of return to a proposed project. For program evaluation and assessment, it means adapting existing study methods that
measure social returns to innovation in ways that explicitly capture spillover effects.
This paper is based on a study that I performed for the ATP, Economic Analysis of Research Spillovers: Implications for the
Advanced Technology Program, NIST GCR 97-708. I have benefited from comments and useful discussions with Zvi Griliches, Jeanne
Powell, Rosalie Ruegg, and Richard Spivack. Some of the ideas in this paper grew out of previous joint research with James
Adams. The views expressed herein are my own, however, and should not be attributed to any of these individuals or to the
ATP. 相似文献
13.
Zhiyun Liu 《Frontiers of Law in China》2011,6(3):496-523
From the origin, there has been a strong connection between international relations and international law. In the development
of the history of different academic subjects, the research on international relations and international law are interdependently
promoting each other. As a result, the realization of interdisciplinary research on international legal theory and the study
of international law is inevitable. As a matter of fact, even though the interdisciplinary research of the two subjects has
been separated for almost half a century, the need for the development of the subject and the changing world political and
economical status give them a new chance for reunification. Recently, the interdisciplinary research on international relations
theory and international law by the Western academic is becoming the order of the day, which has become the latest shining
point of the recent development of the two subjects, which is even regarded as the new revolution of international relations
theory and the study of international law. In this context, the past ten years is a period of emergence of Chinese international
relations and the interdisciplinary research of international law. In the past ten years, some scholars have overcome “the
difficulty of interdisciplinary research,” “the prejudice within the subject” and “the gap among different subjects,” and
made pioneering research in the field of “systematic connection” and “issues in overlapping field.” Moreover, they gradually
make the interdisciplinary research to be a popular method and a common recognition. Based on the current studies, interdisciplinary
research will have a broad future in the fields such as “the interchange of concepts,” “the exchange of method,” and “the
mutual assistance of materials,” which will provide scholars in this area with a broad space for research. 相似文献
14.
Genlin Liang 《Frontiers of Law in China》2007,2(3):418-445
The judicial interpretation of criminal law should be an application interpretation to individual cases that is guided by
judges and participated by the prosecutor and the accused, for which the judicial judgment should be combined with the application
of criminal law of specific cases, and the criminal precedents should be as a carrier. The Supreme People’s Court should change
from the previous practices of issuing normative and abstract interpretation to the dual approaches of the interpretation
of criminal law application through direct creation and indirect acknowledgement.
Liang Genlin, Professor and Vice Dean of Law School of Peking University and as a visiting professor of University of Tuebingen
(2001–2002). His main research focuses on criminal law and criminal policy, and his important publications include “On the
Structure of Punishment”, “Liang Genlin’s Review on Criminal Policy, Volume I, Criminal Policy: Standpoint and Category”,
“Liang Genlin’s Review on Criminal Policy, Volume II, the Arm of the Law: Expand and Limit”, “Liang Genlin’s Review on Criminal
Policy, Volume III, Criminal Sanction: Manner and Choice”. Besides, he has also published over 40 discourses on criminal law
and criminal policy since 1996. 相似文献
15.
Legal context: This article looks at the important decisions of 2007 on theCommunity trade mark made by the Luxembourg courts. Key points: The cases discussed concern the application of Council Regulation(EC) No. 40/94 of 20 December 1993 on the Community trade mark(the CTMR), Commission Regulation (EC) No. 2868/95of 13 December 1995 implementing the CTMR (the CTMIR),and the Council Directive 89/104/EEC of 21 December 1988 (Directive89/104). Practical significance: The purpose of this article is to give a quick overview of themost significant trade mark cases decided in 2007 by the Luxembourgcourts. The article has a practical bias and is aimed at readerswho wish to find quickly the key decisions of 2007. 相似文献
16.
This essay examines what we are calling the ‘crime control industry’ and how the growth of such an industry relates to growing
inequality and the need to ‘manage’ or ‘contain’ the ‘surplus population.’ Profits are a major moving force in this process,
rather than the goal of reducing crime and suffering. An important component of this industry is the ‘prison industrial complex,’
one of the fastest growing industries in the U.S. Also included is a rapidly growing private security industry that includes
private police and security guards, along with a growing supply of technology to aid in the ‘war on crime.’ Other components
include drug testing companies, gated communities, and a booming gun industry. We conclude by outlining possible explanations
for the growth of this industry. 相似文献
17.
Given the numbers displaced as part of the means and methodsof the armed conflict during the war in Bosnia Herzegovina between199295, it is not surprising that the return processhas been long and drawn out. Nevertheless, a remarkable processof post-war reconciliation has quietly drawn to completion inBosnia Herzegovina. In less than a decade after the end of thewar, over 90 per cent of the 211,871 claims for the restitutionof real property made by internally displaced persons (IDPs) and refugees have been resolved. Annex 7 of the Dayton Agreement, The Agreement on Refugees andDisplaced Persons, provided for the return of IDPs and refugees,but it was the object of obstruction in the mid to late 1990s.However, by the middle of the first decade of the 21st century,restitution was all but complete. The significance of this turn-aroundextends far beyond the hundreds of thousands of Bosnians whobenefited directly. It is a model, both positive and negative,for the resolution of many other conflicts around the worldin which land is a major issue. While a number of factors contributedto the dramatic acceleration of the restitution process in Bosnia,certainly the unexpected staying power and, indeed,concerted action on property restitution of the internationalcommunity played its part. A carrot and stickstrategy manifested itself in high-profile funding, admittanceto international bodies, and the removal of obstructive officials.As this paper shall argue, the greatest factor in seeing theprocess through to the end was the shift from a process thatfocused primarily upon ethnically-linked return,sometimes at the expense of individual property rights, to onethat was driven primarily by the recognition of property rightsand the rule of law. This was possible for a number of reasons.Uniquely, international human rights conventions were incorporateddirectly into post-war Bosnian domestic law. Influenced by this,legislative amendments and changes in implementation strategyprogressively slanted the process in favour of simple, almostintuitive, rights recognition. Shifting away from the emphasison return removed a subjective element from implementationand, combined with greater emphasis on the rule of law,narrowed the scope for the system to be manipulated and thwarted.This, thereby, de-politicised restitution. 相似文献
18.
Nicholas Dorn 《Crime, Law and Social Change》2009,51(2):283-295
So much has been written—and vigorously contested—about ‘organised crime’ (OC) that the impending fall of this familiar icon
may come as a shock, both to its detractors and to those who take it for granted. Yet that moment may be upon us, for reasons
that this paper will explore, as the European Union shifts the vocabulary within which policies on police cooperation are
articulated. A pivot of this change is the EU Council Decision on Europol, first debated by the Council in late 2006 and anticipated
as applying from 2010 onwards. This will shift the scope of Europol’s work from ‘organised crime’ (attributing qualities to
criminality) to ‘serious crime’ (concern with impacts and harms falling on individual and collective victims); will transfer
financing of Europol to the Community budget; and so will initiate parliamentary scrutiny. These issues in security governance
are explored from ‘northern’, ‘southern’ and ‘eastern’ European perspectives and in the contexts of ongoing enlargement and
democratisation of the EU.
相似文献
Nicholas DornEmail: |
19.
Christopher Wallis 《Journal of Indian Philosophy》2008,36(2):247-295
This paper surveys the key terms śaktipāta and samāveśa (both of which refer to religious experience) in the primary sources
of Tantric Śaivism over several centuries of textual development, building up a theory as to their range of meanings. It specifically
focuses on their usage by Abhinavagupta (Kāshmīr, 10th century) by presenting a complete translation of chapter 11 of his
Tantrasāra. The paper thus serves to (a) illuminate the nature of spiritual
experience and the qualifcations for religious praxis in Śaivism, (b) give insight
into the worldview of the Tantric Śaivas, and (c) help in pinpointing a specific
and significant issue in the phenomenological study of religion generally.
An earlier version of this paper has been published in a somewhat different form in Evam: Forum on Indian Representations
vol. 4, published by Samvad India, New Delhi, India.
This paper could not have been written without two years of intensive study with Professor Alexis Sanderson of All Souls College,
Oxford, whose scholarship has proved essential in advancing my understanding of Śaivism. Also very helpful was Dr. Somadeva
Vasudeva, now of Columbia University, whose database and encyclopedic knowledge have been invaluable. The germ of the idea
for this article was suggested to me when Professor Paul Muller-Ortega (University of Rochester) first pointed out to me the
passage beginning at MVT 2.14. 相似文献
20.
Mohammad Mazher Idriss 《Liverpool Law Review》2006,27(3):417-436
The Court of Appeal last year delivered a well-publicised judgment declaring that now 17-year-old Shabina Begum had been unlawfully
excluded from Denbigh High School when she insisted on wearing the Islamic ‘jilbab’ ([2005] EWCA Civ. 199; [2005] 1 W.L.R.
3372; [2005] 2 All E.R. 396 (Judgment of 2 March 2005); The Times, 4 March 2005, at p. 85. See also J. Gau, “Muslim Dress – School Exclusion – Human Rights”, Ecclesiastical Law Journal 8/37 (2005), pp. 239–240.). The dispute received huge national and international press coverage, but on Wednesday 22nd March
2006, in a remarkable u-turn, the House of Lords overturned the Court of Appeal’s decision on all counts (R (On the Application
of Begum) v Headteacher and Governors of Denbigh High School [2006] UKHL 15 (Judgment of 22 March 2006); The Guardian, 23 March 2006, at p. 6; and The Independent, 23 March 2006, at p. 4. Members of the Appellate Committee were Lord Bingham of Cornhill; Lord Nicholls of Birkenhead; Lord
Hoffmann; Lord Scott of Foscote and Baroness Hale of Richmond.). The reversal meant Shabina’s Article 9 right to manifest
a belief had not been violated by the school. This analysis will briefly examine the reasoning behind their Lordship’s judgment
and will provide a short commentary on the likely effect the decision will have on religious groups wishing to wear religious
symbols in UK schools.
LLB (Hons), LLM, Cert. Ed. Mohammad Idriss is Senior Lecturer in Public Law at Coventry University, United Kingdom and is
a PhD Candidate at the University of Birmingham; M.Idriss@Coventry.ac.uk 相似文献